- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Contributors
- •1 Vessels
- •1.1 Aorta, Vena Cava, and Peripheral Vessels
- •Aorta, Arteries
- •Anomalies and Variant Positions
- •Dilatation
- •Stenosis
- •Wall Thickening
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Perivascular Mass
- •Vena Cava, Veins
- •Anomalies
- •Dilatation
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Compression, Infiltration
- •1.2 Portal Vein and Its Tributaries
- •Enlarged Lumen Diameter
- •Portal Hypertension
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Thrombosis
- •Tumor
- •2 Liver
- •Enlarged Liver
- •Small Liver
- •Homogeneous Hypoechoic Texture
- •Homogeneous Hyperechoic Texture
- •Regionally Inhomogeneous Texture
- •Diffuse Inhomogeneous Texture
- •Anechoic Masses
- •Hypoechoic Masses
- •Isoechoic Masses
- •Hyperechoic Masses
- •Echogenic Masses
- •Irregular Masses
- •Differential Diagnosis of Focal Lesions
- •Diagnostic Methods
- •Suspected Diagnosis
- •3 Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
- •3.1 Biliary Tree
- •Thickening of the Bile Duct Wall
- •Localized and Diffuse
- •Bile Duct Rarefaction
- •Localized and Diffuse
- •Bile Duct Dilatation and Intraductal Pressure
- •Intrahepatic
- •Hilar and Prepancreatic
- •Intrapancreatic
- •Papillary
- •Abnormal Intraluminal Bile Duct Findings
- •Foreign Body
- •The Seven Most Important Questions
- •3.2 Gallbladder
- •Changes in Size
- •Large Gallbladder
- •Small/Missing Gallbladder
- •Wall Changes
- •General Hypoechogenicity
- •General Hyperechogenicity
- •General Tumor
- •Focal Tumor
- •Intraluminal Changes
- •Hyperechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Nonvisualized Gallbladder
- •Missing Gallbladder
- •Obscured Gallbladder
- •4 Pancreas
- •Diffuse Pancreatic Change
- •Large Pancreas
- •Small Pancreas
- •Hypoechoic Texture
- •Hyperechoic Texture
- •Focal Changes
- •Anechoic Lesion
- •Hypoechoic Lesion
- •Isoechoic Lesion
- •Hyperechoic Lesion
- •Irregular (Complex Structured) Lesion
- •Dilatation of the Pancreatic Duct
- •Marginal/Mild Dilatation
- •Marked Dilatation
- •5 Spleen
- •Nonfocal Changes of the Spleen
- •Diffuse Parenchymal Changes
- •Large Spleen
- •Small Spleen
- •Focal Changes of the Spleen
- •Anechoic Mass
- •Hypoechoic Mass
- •Hyperechoic Mass
- •Splenic Calcification
- •6 Lymph Nodes
- •Peripheral Lymph Nodes
- •Head/Neck
- •Extremities (Axilla, Groin)
- •Abdominal Lymph Nodes
- •Porta Hepatis
- •Splenic Hilum
- •Mesentery (Celiac, Upper and Lower Mesenteric Station)
- •Stomach
- •Focal Wall Changes
- •Extended Wall Changes
- •Dilated Lumen
- •Narrowed Lumen
- •Small/Large Intestine
- •Focal Wall Changes
- •Extended Wall Changes
- •Dilated Lumen
- •Narrowed Lumen
- •8 Peritoneal Cavity
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Wall Structures
- •Smooth Margin
- •Irregular Margin
- •Intragastric Processes
- •Intraintestinal Processes
- •9 Kidneys
- •Anomalies, Malformations
- •Aplasia, Hypoplasia
- •Cystic Malformation
- •Anomalies of Number, Position, or Rotation
- •Fusion Anomaly
- •Anomalies of the Renal Calices
- •Vascular Anomaly
- •Diffuse Changes
- •Large Kidneys
- •Small Kidneys
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Irregular Structure
- •Circumscribed Changes
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic or Isoechoic Structure
- •Complex Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •10 Adrenal Glands
- •Enlargement
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Complex Echo Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •11 Urinary Tract
- •Malformations
- •Duplication Anomalies
- •Dilatations and Stenoses
- •Dilated Renal Pelvis and Ureter
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Large Bladder
- •Small Bladder
- •Altered Bladder Shape
- •Intracavitary Mass
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Echogenic
- •Wall Changes
- •Diffuse Wall Thickening
- •Circumscribed Wall Thickening
- •Concavities and Convexities
- •12.1 The Prostate
- •Enlarged Prostate
- •Regular
- •Irregular
- •Small Prostate
- •Regular
- •Echogenic
- •Circumscribed Lesion
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Echogenic
- •12.2 Seminal Vesicles
- •Diffuse Change
- •Hypoechoic
- •Circumscribed Change
- •Anechoic
- •Echogenic
- •Irregular
- •12.3 Testis, Epididymis
- •Diffuse Change
- •Enlargement
- •Decreased Size
- •Circumscribed Lesion
- •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
- •Irregular/Echogenic
- •Epididymal Lesion
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Intrascrotal Mass
- •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
- •Echogenic
- •13 Female Genital Tract
- •Masses
- •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
- •Uterus
- •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
- •Myometrial Changes
- •Intracavitary Changes
- •Endometrial Changes
- •Fallopian Tubes
- •Hypoechoic Mass
- •Anechoic Cystic Mass
- •Solid Echogenic or Nonhomogeneous Mass
- •14 Thyroid Gland
- •Diffuse Changes
- •Enlarged Thyroid Gland
- •Small Thyroid Gland
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Circumscribed Changes
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Isoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Irregular
- •Differential Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
- •Types of Autonomy
- •15 Pleura and Chest Wall
- •Chest Wall
- •Masses
- •Parietal Pleura
- •Nodular Masses
- •Diffuse Pleural Thickening
- •Pleural Effusion
- •Anechoic Effusion
- •Echogenic Effusion
- •Complex Effusion
- •16 Lung
- •Masses
- •Anechoic Masses
- •Hypoechoic Masses
- •Complex Masses
- •Index
3 Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
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Biliary Tree |
127 |
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Thickening of the Bile Duct Wall |
130 |
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Localized and Diffuse |
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130 |
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Benign Thickening |
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of the Bile Duct Wall |
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Malignant Thickening |
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of the Bile Duct Wall |
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Bile Duct Rarefaction |
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132 |
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Localized and Diffuse |
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132 |
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PSC and Cirrhosis of the Liver |
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Bile Duct Dilatation and |
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Intraductal Pressure |
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132 |
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Intrahepatic |
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134 |
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Intrahepatic Gallstones |
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Heptocellular Carcinoma HCC)/ |
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Cholangiocellular Carcinoma (CCC) |
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Hilar and Prepancreatic |
135 |
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Benign Causes of Obstruction |
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Malignant Tumors |
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Intrapancreatic |
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138 |
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Benign Intrapancreatic Stenosis |
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Cancer of the Pancreatic Head |
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Papillary |
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140 |
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Benign Periampullary |
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Obstruction |
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Cancer |
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Abnormal Intraluminal Bile |
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Duct Findings |
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140 |
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Foreign Body |
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140 |
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Pneumobilia/Stent |
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Uncommon Causes |
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Differential Diagnosis of |
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Sonographic Cholestasis |
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142 |
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The Seven Most Important |
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Questions |
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142 |
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Relationship with the Biliary Tree |
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Pressure Increase |
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Bile Duct Diameter |
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Level of Flow Obstruction |
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Possible Malignancy |
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Duration of Obstruction |
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Thickness of Bile Duct Wall |
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Gallbladder |
146 |
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Changes in Size |
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148 |
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Large Gallbladder |
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148 |
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Asymptomatic (Functional) |
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Asymptomatic (Pathological) |
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Symptomatic (Pathological) |
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Small/Missing Gallbladder |
150 |
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Asymptomatic (Functional) |
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Asymptomatic (Pathological) |
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Symptomatic (Pathological) |
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Wall Changes |
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151 |
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General Hypoechogenicity |
151 |
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Acute Cholecystitis |
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Special Cases |
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Wall Thickening in Hepatic/ |
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Pancreatic Disorders and Trauma |
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General Hyperechogenicity |
154 |
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Chronic Cholecystitis |
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Porcelain Gallbladder |
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Wall Changes (Continued) |
151 |
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Focal Hypoechogenicity/ |
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Hyperechogenicity |
155 |
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Focal Inflammation |
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Gallbladder Varicosity |
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156 |
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General Tumor |
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Adenomyomatosis |
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Cholesteatosis |
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Gallbladder Carcinoma |
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Focal Tumor |
157 |
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Cholesterol Pseudopolyps |
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Adenomas and Papillomas |
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Adenomyomatosis |
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Gallbladder Carcinoma |
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Metastasis |
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Intraluminal Changes |
160 |
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Hyperechoic |
160 |
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Gallstones |
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Hypoechoic |
161 |
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Gallbladder Sludge |
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Hemobilia |
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Nonvisualized Gallbladder |
163 |
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Missing Gallbladder |
163 |
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Agenesis |
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Post Cholecystectomy |
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Obscured Gallbladder |
164 |
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Isoechogenicity with |
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Surrounding Tissue |
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Malposition |
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