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<<< < Предыдущая 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117118 / 118118

Index

Note: Illustrations are comprehensively referred to in the text. Therefore, significant items in illustrations have usually been given a page reference only in the absence of their concomitant mention in the text referring to that figure. Page references to tables are in bold and those to figures are in italics.

ageing

– aneurysms 8–11, 24, 519, 536

abdominal aorta see aorta

– kidney

323

– stenosis

– pancreas

172

– – complete occlusion 17

abdominal cavity see peritoneal cavity

– spleen

211

– – embolism 17, 22

abortion, missed or incomplete

453

– thyroid volume and

477

– wall thickening 19–22

abscess

agenesis, gallbladder

150, 163

– see also para-aortic region

– adrenal

370

AIDS see HIV and AIDS

aortointercaval lymph nodes 254–257

– hepatic

90, 97, 113, 143

air see gas

aplasia

– intra-abdominal (in general)

310

albumin, low plasma levels 301

– aortic

– – gas-containing 312

alcoholic cirrhosis

300, 313

– renal

322–323

– ovarian

465

alimentary tract see gastrointestinal tract

– thyroid, unilateral 477, 486

– pancreatic 181, 185

allergic vasculitis 21

– uterine

447

– perivascular

allografts see transplantation and grafting

– vaginal, incomplete

447

– prostatic 423

alveolar cell carcinoma 544

appendicitis

280

– pulmonary

535, 550

alveolar echinococcosis/hydatid disease 91, 119

appendix

280

– renal 348, 350, 356, 358

amiodarone-induced thyroiditis 485, 488

– mucocele

276

– renal pelvis

393

ampulla of Vater, lesions near see periampul-

arcuate arteries 321, 361

– seminal vesicles 428

lary lesions

arcuate ligament syndrome, median

– splenic

214, 219, 220–221

amyloidosis

arcuate uterus 446

– testicular 432

– intestinal

286

arms, lymph nodes draining the 245–247

– thyroid

491, 495

– renal

333

arteries

– tubo-ovarian 459, 465

– splenic

207, 212

– anatomical anomalies and variants

5–7

absorption atelectasis

537

– thyroid

483, 503

– dilatation

7–11

acalculous cholecystitis

152

analgesic nephropathy 336, 340, 341, 343, 361,

– embolism see embolism

accessory hepatic lobes

59, 60

362

– stenosis see stenosis

accessory pancreatic duct 169

anaplastic tumors see undifferentiated/ana-

– wall thickening 19–22

accessory spleen 250, 372, 374

plastic tumors

– see also specific arteries

acinar cell carcinoma

184

anastomotic stenosis

arteriolosclerosis, renal 335

acinus, hepatic 57

androblastoma 471

arteriosclerosis (incl. atherosclerosis)

19–22

acromegaly

anechoicity (of lesions)

– advanced lesions

– goiter 483

– adrenal

369–370

– complex lesions

– kidney enlargement

330

– epididymis 434

– early lesions 19

adenocarcinoma

– kidney 344–350

– Mönckeberg’s 22

– ductal see ductal carcinoma

– liver

88–95

– protruding lesions

– endometrioid 465, 470

– lung

534–536

– protruding plaques

– gastric

267, 270

– pancreas

179–182, 195

– renal

13, 335

– intestinal 275

– peritoneal cavity

298, 300–302, 310

– stenosis

12, 13, 15, 17

– see also cystadenocarcinoma

– pleural effusions

524–526

– – aorta

adenoma

158, 159

– prostate

423–424

– WHO definition

– gallbladder

– scrotum

435–436

arteriovenous (AV) fistula, splenic

219

– hepatic

86, 98, 101–103, 103

– spleen

213–215

arteriovenous (AV) malformations

5–7, 26

– oncocytic see oncocytoma

– testes 431–432

– kidney 349

– pancreatic 183

– thyroid

489–491

– liver 95

– parathyroid

494, 500

aneurysms (arterial) 8–11

arteritis

– prostatic 407, 421, 424

– aortic

8–11, 24, 519, 536

– giant-cell

15, 21

– thyroid

491–493, 501

– endoleaks after surgical repair 24

– Takayasu

15, 21

– – regressive changes

500

– false see pseudoaneurysms

artifacts, bladder 408

adenomatous hyperplasia of endometrium 457

– hepatic artery 95, 249

asbestosis

520, 522

adenomatous thyroid nodules and adenomas

– renal artery 349

ascariasis

141

492

– splenic artery 181

ascites see fluid collections

– regressive changes

500

– suture line 27

aspergilloma 535

adenomucinosis, diffuse peritoneal 307

– true 8–11

aspiration

adenomyomatosis

angiography, focal liver lesions 120

– fine-needle see fine-needle aspiration

– gallbladder

156, 157, 157

angiomyolipoma 352–353, 359

– of ovarian cyst, contraindicated

473

– uterine

450

angiomyoma, uterine

447

– of pleural effusions

524

adhesions, chest wall

545

annular pancreas 188

– of splenic abscess 221

adnexal lesions/masses (ovarian) 280

anorchism

431

asplenism

211

– inflammatory 465

antibiotic-associated colitis 286

atelectasis

537

adrenal (suprarenal) glands 365–377

antibodies (autoimmune) to thyroid compo-

atherosclerosis see arteriosclerosis

– anatomy 367

nents

480, 481, 487

Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis 174,

– lesions

250, 369–377

antral vascular ectasia, gastric 268

181

– morphology

368

aorta (including abdominal aorta) 1–29

atresia, uterine 447

– topography

367

– anatomical anomalies and variants 5–6

atrophy

adventitia, aortic 3

– anatomy and topography 1–2

– gallbladder, inflammatory 151

Index

553

Index

– intestine

291

bleeding see hemorrhage

carcinoma

– kidney 335, 336, 342–343, 363

blood

– adrenal

372, 375

– liver 76

– in bile (hemobilia) 135, 162

– biliary

– pancreas

172, 200

– in peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum) 302,

– – cholangiocellular see cholangiocellular

– testes 431

305–306

carcinoma

– thyroid, in Hashimoto thyroiditis 480, 484

blood clot see clot

– – gallbladder 118, 157, 159

autoantibodies to thyroid components 481

blood flow patterns

– – periampullary

140, 197

autoimmune disorders see Hashimoto

– hepatic veins 61–62, 64, 67

– breast see breast cancer

thyroiditis; immunological disease; poly-

– portal veins 61–62, 64

– bronchial see lung cancer

glandular autoimmune syndrome

blood vessels/supply see arteries; vasculature;

– esophageal see esophagus

axilla

veins and specific vessels

– gastric 267, 270

– lymph nodes 245–247

bone fractures, rib/sternal

513

– – scirrhous carcinoma 270, 274

– – regions

234

bone marrow transplantation, graft-versus-

– gynecological

– other structures 247

host disease 211

– – fallopian tubes

459

borderline tumors

– – ovarian

465–468, 469, 470, 527

– ovarian

467

– – uterine cervix

457–458

– pancreatic 192

– – uterine corpus

450, 456

bowel see intestine

– – vaginal

443

bacteria

breast cancer (carcinoma)

– hepatic metastases 96

– culture, focal liver lesions 120

– adrenal metastases 376

– hepatocellular (HCC) 86, 99, 103–105, 112,

– gas-forming, kidney

362

– cutaneous metastases 516

121, 131, 134, 137

bacterial infection

– pleural effusions 521

– intestinal

275, 290

– peritonitis see peritonitis

– splenic metastases 206

– pancreatic

171, 183–184, 192, 193, 194

– pyogenic see pyogenic lesions

Brenner tumor 470

– – ductal

139, 171, 183, 184, 192, 194

balloon catheter, urinary 406

bronchi

– prostatic

405, 419–420, 421, 424, 425

bezoar 278

– carcinoma see lung cancer

– – seminal vesicle infiltration 427, 428

bicornuate uterus 446

– obstruction causing atelectasis 537

– pulmonary see lung cancer

bifid ureter

384

bronchoalveolar carcinoma 545, 546

– thyroid 493, 496–498, 504

bifurcation, portal vein

Budd–Chiari syndrome 37, 47

– urinary tract

bile

bypass graft stenosis 18

– – polypoid (in bladder) 404–405, 407, 412

– blood in (hemobilia)

135, 162

– suture complications 27

– – renal cell see renal cell carcinoma

– leakage see bilioma; choleperitoneum

– synthetic grafts

– – urothelial 354, 355, 394

– stasis (cholestasis) 142–145

– see also adenocarcinoma; choriocarcinoma;

bile ducts/vessels 100

cystadenocarcinoma

– abnormal and rare intraluminal findings

carcinomatosis

140–141

– peritoneal

271, 273, 301, 304, 313, 314, 317,

– anatomy

127–128

C-cell carcinoma, medullary thyroid

496

465–466

– anechoic masses 95

calcific stenosis, medial 22

– – mucinous 307

– calculi see gallstones

calcifications 228–229

– – septated ascites 310

– carcinoma see cholangiocellular carcinoma

– adrenal

376

– pleural 521

– dilatation see dilatation

– hepatic

115

carcinosarcoma, uterine 450

– echogenic masses 115

– pancreatic, in chronic pancreatitis

178

cardia, gastric, carcinoma

267, 268

– hamartoma (von Meyenburg complex) 66,

– pleural

520

cardiac... see heart

112

– renal papillae 361

Caroli disease/syndrome 79, 115, 132

– hyperechoic masses

112

– seminal vesicles

428

carotid arteries

– isoechoic masses 107

– splenic

– stenosis

– pancreatic duct dilatation related to 196

– – artery 190

– stent 18

– rarefaction

132

– – hemangioma

226

carotidynia, idiopathic 15

– topography

128

– testicular 433

catheter

– wall thickening 130–131, 142

– thyroid

502

– splenic abscess drainage

221

biliary tree

127–145

– uterine myoma

449

– urinary 406

– anatomy

127–128, 129

– venous

caudate lobe 60, 71

– topography and morphology 128–129

– see also microcalcification

– enlargement 37

bilioduodenal stents 138

calcitonin

477

– size determination 71

bilioma 90, 311

calculi (stones)

caval vein, inferior see vena cava

biopsy see needle biopsy

– biliary (choledocholithiasis) 115, 134, 135,

cavities (pathological)

bladder 398–414

136–137, 139

– prostatic

423

– artifacts 408

– pancreatic 199

– renal, in tuberculosis 348

– cancer, lymph node metastases 255

– – in chronic pancreatitis

178

– see also intracavitary lesions and masses

– empty 400

– prostatic 426

cecal cancer, hepatic metastases 96

– indented

402, 408

– seminal vesicles

428

celiac axis

– large 398–399

– urinary see urolithiasis

– arteries

– partially contracted 401

– see also microlithiasis

– – stenosis

– shape 381

calices (renal), anomalies

328

– – variant and duplicated

– – changes

401–402

– diverticula 328, 384

– lymph nodes 251–254

– shrunken

400

– see also hydrocalices; megacalicosis; uroli-

– – invasion around 240

– urine reflux from 391–392

thiasis

celiac disease 265, 283

– volume/size

381

cancer see malignant tumor

celiac trunk stenosis 14

– – changes

398–402

capsule

cervix (uterine) 445

– – estimation 398–399

– hepatic, injuries

– carcinoma

457–458

– wall see wall

– splenic, lesions under see subcapsular lesions

– inflammation (cervicitis)

456

carbuncle, renal 358

– pregnancy in 453

554

chest wall 511, 513–517

“comet tails”

– – metastases resembling 350

– adhesions 545

– gallbladder 156

– seminal vesicles

427

– anatomy and topography 511

– hepatic parenchyma 114

– splenic 213–215

– masses

513–517

complex (echo) structures

– – infective

215

– – carcinoma (Pancoast tumor) 517, 544

– adrenal glands 374–375

– testicular

431

– morphology 511

– kidneys 356–358

– thyroid 489–490

children (and juveniles)

– lung 546–550

– – colloid cysts 489, 490, 499, 501

– lymphocytic thyroiditis

484

– pleural effusions 528–529

– tubo-ovarian cysts 459

– pancreas 173

compression

– utricular

424

– renal cysts 324

– atelectasis caused by (from pleural effusions)

– vaginal wall

443

– see also neonatal hypothyroidism

537

– venous compression by 38

cholangiocellular carcinoma (cholangiocarci-

– gastric

273

– see also cystic tumors; pseudocyst

noma)

86, 131, 134, 137

– venous (incl. vena cava) 37–38

cystadenocarcinoma

– Klatskin type 50, 131, 133, 137, 137

computed tomography (CT)

– ovarian 463, 470

cholangiofibroma (bile duct hamartoma) 66,

– chronic pancreatitis 177

– pancreatic

180, 192, 369

112

– focal liver lesions

120

cystadenoma

cholangitis 248

– ovarian tumor 473

– ovarian 463, 470

– acute suppurative

130

concavities, bladder

413

– pancreatic

180, 183, 192

– primary sclerosing

130, 132, 142

congenital anomalies and variants (incl. mal-

cystic duct

146

cholecystectomy 132, 163, 196

formations)

– dilation

133, 136, 144

cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation)

151

– aorta and arteries

5–7, 26

cystic fibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis 176

– acalculous 152

– arteriovenous see arteriovenous malforma-

cystic glandular hyperplasia, endometrial

457

– acute 152

tions

cystic malformation of kidney 324–325

– chronic

152, 154

152, 157

– gallbladder 146

cystic tumors/neoplasms

– emphesematous

– liver 59, 95

– adrenal 370

– focal 155

– pancreas 187–188

– kidney

– phlegmonous 152, 153

– – cyst 179, 180

– – carcinoma

347, 352, 357

– xanthogranulomatous 152

– spleen

203

– – nephroma

344, 345, 354

choledochocele 133

– urinary tract 383–386

– lung 536

chole(docho)lithiasis see gallstones

– – kidney 322–323, 325–329, 383

– ovaries 463, 470

choleperitoneum 305

– uterus

446

– pancreas

180, 192–194

cholestasis 142–145

156, 157

– vagina

443

cystoma, mucinous see mucinous cystic neo-

cholesteatosis, gallbladder

– veins 29–31

plasms

cholesterol crystals

162

158, 159

– – portal 209

cytology, focal liver lesions 120

cholesterol pseudopolyps

congestion

choriocarcinoma (chorioepithelioma) 457

– cardiac

271

chromophobe cell carcinoma 352

– liver see liver

chyloperitoneum 306

524

– renal, in heart failure 332

chylothorax (chylous pleural effusions)

– renal vein

349

de Quervain thyroiditis 482, 488, 495, 505

cicatricial stenosis (biliary tree) 135

– splenic

209

– focal 495

circumscribed change see focal change

constitutionally large kidney 330

– subacute

482

cirrhosis 42, 45, 76, 82–84, 132, 143, 300, 303,

contraceptive device, intrauterine (IUD) 451,

deep vein thrombosis 34

313

453

degenerating myoma 448–449, 449

– fatty 75

151

convexities, bladder

413

dermoid, ovarian

472

– gallbladder changes

coprostasis

290

diabetic nephropathy 331, 336, 338, 340, 361,

– parenchymal assessment 65

corpus librum 436

362

– peritoneal fluid 300, 303, 313

corpus luteum cyst

461

diaphragm

511, 512

– splenomegaly 209

Couinaud segmental anatomy of liver 58

– slips 113

clear cell carcinoma/tumor

Crohn disease 283–285

diffuse or general changes

– ovarian

470

crural thrombosis 34

– bladder wall

410–411

– renal 352

cryptorchidism 431

– gallbladder 151–160

clot (blood)

CT see computed tomography

– – tumors 156–157

– bladder

403, 405, 406, 413

culture, focal liver lesions 120

– kidney 329–343

– kidney

392

cutaneous metastases 515

– liver 66, 70–86, 117, 118

– ureter 395

cyst(s) (and cystic masses)

– pancreas

170–178, 195

coarctation, aortic

– adrenal

369

– peritoneal cavity 298–308

colic, urinary stone

388

– epididymal 434

– pleura 520–523

colitis

– hemorrhagic see hemorrhagic cysts

– seminal vesicles

426–427

– pseudomembranous

286

– hepatic

86, 88–89, 90–94, 309

– spleen 206–207, 215

– ulcerative 285

– – complicated 98

– – calcification 228

collateral vessels in portal hypertension

41, 47

– – hydatid (echinococcosis) 90–91, 119, 345

– testes 430–431

collecting duct carcinoma

352

– hydatid see hydatid disease

– thyroid gland 479–489

colloid cysts 489, 490, 499, 501

– lung 519, 535

diffuse peritoneal adenomucinosis 307

colloid goiter, diffuse

480

– ovarian

461–463

digestive tract see gastrointestinal tract

colon 265

– – aspiration, contraindicated 473

dilatations

– anatomy and topography 261–262

– pancreatic

179, 180, 181, 185

– bile duct

132–140

– cancer

275

– perirenal

345

– – in differential diagnosis of cholestasis

142

– – adrenal metastases

372

– peritoneal cavity filled with contents

– gastric 272–274

– – hepatic metastases

113, 122

following rupture of 302

– intestinal

287–290

– diverticula 278

– renal 324–325, 344–348, 351, 369

– pancreatic duct

195–199

– morphology 262

– – carcinoma in 347

– seminal vesicles

427

– pseudodiverticula

279

– – hemorrhage in

351, 357, 359, 394

– urinary tract

384–394

Index

555

Index

– vascular

– renal pelvis (pyelectasis) 349, 364, 386

esophagus

– – arterial (incl. aorta) 7–11

– vas deferens 429

– anatomy and tomography

261

– – renal 349

– venous (venectasia) 33

– cancer (carcinoma)

– – veins see veins

– – renal

349

– – hepatic metastases

– see also ectasia

– see also atelectasis

– – thyroid invasion 498

dissection (arterial)

ectopia

– morphology 262

– aneurysmal 8, 9

– kidney

323, 326

– peristalsis 263

– aortic

9, 15

– pregnancy

453

– varices

– – intimal 25

– – cervix

453

extremity lymph nodes

245–247

diverticula

– – fallopian tubes

459

exudates

– gastric

278

– thyroid

485

– peritoneal 303

– intestinal 278

– ureter 391, 424

– pleural

524, 526

– – inflammation (diverticulitis) 279

edema

– urinary tract

– bladder wall 412

– – bladder 401, 413–414

– gallbladder wall

150

– – renal caliceal

328, 384

– gastric wall

271

– – ureter 384

– hepatic

fallopian tubes 458–459

– see also pseudodiverticula

– pancreatic

170

– abscess involving ovaries and 459, 465

diverticulosis 279

effusions

– cysts involving ovaries and

459

dorsal (pancreatic) anlage

187

– peritoneal

– see also hematosalpinx

doubling (congenital) see duplications

– – exudates

303

familial nephronophthisis 324

drainage of splenic abscess

221

– – transudates 300

fat necrosis, pancreatic/peripancreatic 171, 190

dromedary hump (kidney)

350

– pleural see pleura

fatty change (steatosis)

156, 157

drug-induced thyroiditis 485, 488

elastosonography 419–420

– gallbladder (cholesteatosis)

ductal carcinoma/adenocarcinoma (of pan-

– prostatic carcinoma 422

– liver (steatosis hepatis) 72–75, 79

creas)

139, 171, 183, 184, 192, 194

embolism

– – focal

74–75, 80–81, 86, 100, 114

– cystic

192, 193

– arterial

17, 22

– – hepatitis (steatohepatitis)

73–74

duodenum 200

– – aorta

17, 22

– – infiltration see infiltration

– anatomy and topography

261

– – renal artery 334–335

fatty degradation of liver 65

– diverticula 278

– gas, hepatoportal

81, 117

fecal impaction (coprostasis)

290

– gallstones in

278

– pulmonary

538–544

females

– gut signature

264

– see also thromboembolism

– genital tract see genital tract

– morphology

262

emphesematous cholecystitis 152, 157

– periods of life 441

– stenosis 317

emphysematous pyelonephritis

350, 362

fetal lob(ul)ation of the kidney 328, 350

– ulcer, perforated

305, 306, 308, 312

empty bladder 400

fibrin strands/bodies

duplications (doubling)

empyema, pleural (pyothorax)

522, 550

– pancreatitis 313

– aortic

endocrine laboratory work-up of adrenal inci-

– pleura

519

– arterial 6

dentaloma

373

fibroids, uterine (myoma) 447, 448–449, 450

– renal 325–326, 330, 355, 383

endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors

fibroleiomyoma, uterine (fibroids; myoma)

– ureter

384

– hepatic metastases 95, 122

447, 448–449, 450

– vagina

443

– kidney

352

fibrolipomatosis, pancreatic

175

– vena cava 29

– pancreas 182, 183, 184

– chronic pancreatis vs. 177

dysgerminoma

472

– see also multiple endocrine neoplasia synd-

fibroma

dysontogen(et)ic cysts

rome

368

– bladder

407

– kidney

344

endocrine symptoms of adrenal disease

– ovarian

471

– spleen

213

endodermal (entodermal) sinus tumor

472

– tunica albuginea 436

dysplastic kidneys

323

endometrioid tumor (adenocarcinoma)

465,

fibromatosis, pancreatic

175–176

– cystic (Potter type II syndrome) 324

470

fibromuscular dysplasia

endometriosis 450, 464

fibrosis

– cysts 464

– liver 42, 79

endometritis

456

– pancreatic

echinococcosis see hydatid disease

endometrium 444–445

– – in chronic pancreatitis 178

– changes

454–458

– – in hemochromatosis or cystic fibrosis 176

echo-free lesions and masses see anechoicity

– – hyperplasia see hyperplasia

– pleural

522–523

echogenicity

– – polyps 453

– retroperitoneal 28, 38, 391

– bladder lesions

408–409

– postmenopausal

454, 474

fibrothorax 528

– epididymis 436

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato-

fibrous pseudotumor 436

– focal liver masses

87, 114–116

graphy (ERCP) in chronic pancreatitis

177

FIGO staging

– – metastases

endovascular stents see stents

– ovarian cancer 466, 468

– gut signature and

263

enteric intussusception 277

– uterine cervix carcinoma

457

– lymph node abnormalities 237

enteritis (small bowel inflammation) 282, 288

– uterine corpus carcinoma

456

– ovaries 464–473

– Crohn disease 285

fine-needle aspiration (FNA)

– pleural effusions

526–527

enterocolitis, pseudomembranous

286

– adrenal gland 373

– prostatic lesions

423, 426

entodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

472

– ascites (= paracentesis) 298, 299

– renal structures

361–363

epididymis 434

– thyroid

492

– testicular lesions

433

– anatomy/topography 429

– – carcinoma 497

– uterus

445

epididymitis

434

fistula

– see also anechoicity; hyperechoicity; hypo-

epithelial cystic pancreatic lesions

192

– in Crohn disease 284, 285

echoicity; isoechoicity

epithelial tumors

352

– splenic arteriovenous

219

ectasia

– mixed mesenchymal and, kidney

flat bladder tumors 411, 412

– aortic

– ovarian

469, 470

– gastric antral

268

556

fluid collections and fluid-filled structures

– thickness (normal)

146

gut signature

262–263

– biliary system 143

– topography 148

– see also gastrointestinal tract

– extraperitoneal/extra-abdominal 296, 308,

– wall 151

156, 159

gynecology see genital tract, female

316–316

– – polypoid lesions

– in gastrointestinal tract

– wall changes

151–160

– – bowel loops 28, 265

– – thickening

42, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157

– – differentiation from extraluminal fluid

gallstones (choledocholithiasis)

115, 134, 135,

316–318

160–161, 166

Hach classification of greater saphenous insuf-

– pancreas

181

– in duodenum

278

ficiency

– peritoneal cavity (ascites)

295

– gallbladder perforation with

154, 274

hamartoma

– – benign vs. malignant, differentiation

– small/minute (microliths)

135, 157, 160, 161

– bile duct 66, 112

315–316

299, 300

gas (incl. air)

– splenic

227

– – differential diagnosis

– abscess containing

312

Hashimoto (autoimmune/lymphocytic)

– – diffuse changes and

298–299

– bile duct (pneumobilia) 140

thyroiditis (AIT) 480, 483–486, 506

– – fine-needle paracentesis 298, 299

– intrahepatic accumulation

116, 117

– acquired 483–486

– – in peritoneal carcinomatosis 304

– pancreatic duct

190

– Graves disease vs. 482

– – septated 310

– peritoneal cavity (pneumoperitoneum) 296,

– hypertrophic

480

– – in splenic infarction

220

307

head and neck

– see also edema; effusions

– pleural cavity (pneumothorax) 529

– lymph nodes

241–245

focal change (circumscribed/localized change)

gas embolism, hepatoportal

81, 117

– – topography

233–234

– bile duct

132

gas-forming bacteria, kidney

362

– other structures 244

– bladder 411–414

gastric... see stomach

heart (cardiac) cavity

536

– gallbladder 155–157

gastrinoma

182

heart (cardiac) failure

301, 312

– – tumors

157–160

gastritis (inflammation of stomach) 271, 272

– cirrhosis in (= cardiac cirrhosis) 77

– intestinal wall 274–281

gastroduodenal artery 170

– congestive (cardiac congestion), gastric wall

– kidney

344–363

gastrointestinal tract

259–292

thickening 271

151

– liver 86–122

– anatomy

261–262

– gallbladder changes

– – fatty change 74–75, 80–81, 86, 100, 114

– functions

261

– peritoneal fluid 301, 312

– pancreas

179–194

– malignant tumors see malignant tumors

– renal congestion in

332

– peritoneal cavity 308–312

– morphology

262–265

– right-sided (ventricular) 301, 312, 337

– prostate 423–426

– perforation see perforation

hemangioma

– seminal vesicles 427–428

– topography 261–262

– bladder

407

– spleen

213–229

– transport and propulsion, disruption/impair-

– hepatic

86, 107–111, 121

– testes

431–433

ment

316

– – atypical 100, 106, 108, 110–112

– thyroid 489–494

– – causes

– splenic

225–227

focal nodular hyperplasia/FNH (liver) 86, 99,

– – in intestine

288, 316

– thyroid

503

101–103, 101, 112, 121

gastrosplenic ligaments 204

– uterine

447

follicles

genital (reproductive) tract

416–474

hemangiomyolipoma

360

– ovarian 460

– female (and gynecology)

439–474

hematocele 436

– – cystic (follicular cysts) 461, 499

– – appearance

441

hematocolpos

442

– – graafian

454, 460, 461

– – topography

441

hematological malignancy, splenomegaly

210

– thyroid 477

– – transabdominal ultrasound

441

hematoma

follicular thyroid adenoma

491–492, 501

– male 416–437

– intra-abdominal 311

follicular thyroid carcinoma

493, 496, 504

germ cell tumor

– – hepatic 89–90, 98, 106–107

foreign bodies/objects

– ovarian 469, 472

– – intestinal

276

– bile duct

140–141

– testicular

239, 432

– – renal

348, 350, 357

– bladder 409

giant-cell arteritis

15, 21

– – splenic 214, 222

– intestine

278, 290

giant hemangioma

108, 109

– perivascular

– liver 116

glomerulonephritis

– rib fracture

514

fractures, rib/sternal 513

– acute 333, 340

– testicular 432

functional disorder of gastric emptying 272

– chronic 336, 340

hematometra

443, 447

functional hyposplenism

211

glucagonoma 182

hematoperitoneum 222

functional ovarian cysts

461–462

goiter

hematosalpinx

443, 459

fusion anomalies

– in acromegaly

483

hemobilia

135, 162

– müllerian duct 443, 446

– diffuse colloid

480

hemochromatosis 75, 79, 172, 176

– renal 327–328

– diffuse parenchymatous

479–480

hemolytic disorders, splenic enlargement

208

– nodular 475, 483, 490, 502–503

hemoperitoneum 302, 305–306

– – regressive 501, 503

hemorrhage (bleeding)

– Riedel 483

– adrenal

370

gallbladder

146–165

graafian follicle

454, 460, 461

– hepatic

89–90, 98, 106–107

graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic bone

– pancreatic pseudocyst 192

– anatomy

146

marrow transplantation

211

– splenic

– – variants

146

– see also bypass graft; transplantation

– – with metastases 224

– carcinoma 118, 157, 159

grafting see transplantation and grafting

– – subcapsular

219

– hepatized

107

granulomas, cutaneous 515

hemorrhagic cysts (intracystic hemorrhage)

– large 148–149

granulomatous disease, splenic

207

– ovarian

461

– malposition 164

granulosa cell tumors 471

– renal 351, 357, 359, 394

– missing 150, 163

Graves disease

481–482, 506

– thyroid

489, 490, 499, 501

– nonvisualized 163

groin

hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis 181

– obscured

164

– lymph nodes

245–247

hemorrhagic pleural effusions 524

– sludge

161–162, 166

– other structures

247

hepatic... see below and liver

– small 150

Index

557

Index

hepatic artery 57

–aneurysms 95, 249

–topography 128

–variant anatomy 59

hepatic veins (liver veins and branches) 58, 60,

66–67

–anechoic masses 95

–in cirrhosis 83

–flow patterns 61–62, 64, 67

–hypoechoic masses 100 hepatitis 248

–acute 78

–– gallbladder changes 151

–chronic 82

–viral 78, 143

–see also steatohepatitis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 86, 99,

103–105, 112, 121, 131, 134, 137 hepatomegaly (liver enlargement) 70–75 hepatosplenomegaly 50, 208, 210 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 94 hernia (abdominal) 257, 281, 289, 436 heroin-induced nephropathy 333

hilar sign 235, 242, 245 histiocytoma, malignant 545 histo(patho)logy

–liver lesions (focal) 120

–– carcinoma 99

–ovarian (normal histology) 460

–ovarian tumors 469–472

–– classification 469

–pancreatic cancer classification 183

–pleura 511

–prostatitis 421

–thyroid

–– carcinoma 496

–– nodules 492

–uterus 444

–– carcinoma 456

HIV and AIDS 248

–nephropathy 333 Hodgkin disease

–cutaneous involvement 516

–lymph node involvement 239, 243–244

–splenic involvement 210

hormones

–sex 441, 460

–thyroid 477 horseshoe shape

–kidney (malformation) 28, 327

–thyroid 477

human immunodeficiency virus see HIV hydatid disease (hydatid cyst; echinococcosis)

–kidney 345

–liver 90–91, 119

–pancreas 179

–spleen 215 hydrocalices 349 hydrocele 435, 436

hydronephrosis 349, 385, 387, 389, 390 hydropic gallbladder 149, 152

hymen, imperforate 442–443 hyperechoicity (high echogenicity)

–adrenal 375–377

–arteriosclerotic lesions (early stages) 19

–gallbladder 160–161

–– diffuse 154–160

–– focal 155–157

–liver, diffuse 79

–liver, focal masses 107–114

–– hepatocellular carcinoma 104, 112

–pancreas 175–178, 189–191, 195

–peritoneal cavity 298, 307–308, 311–312

–spleen 225–229

–thyroid 489, 501–504

–urinary tract

–– bladder 406–407

–– kidney 258–260, 338–343

–– renal pelvis/ureter 395–397 hyperplasia

–adrenal 370

–endometrial 462, 467

–– adenomatous 457

–– cystic glandular 457

–focal nodular (FNH) 86, 99, 101–103, 101, 112, 121

–parathyroid 477

–prostatic, benign (BPH) 407, 417, 418, 419, 421, 424, 425, 426

–– surgical capsule 426

–thyroid 477

–– in Hashimoto thyroiditis 480 hypersplenism, nodular 227 hypertension, portal 41–47, 207, 209 hyperthyroidism 504–506

–amiodarone-induced 485, 488

–Graves disease 481–482

–transient, chronic thyroiditis with 487 hypertrophic Hashimoto thyroiditis 480 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 270 hypertrophy

–bladder wall 410, 411, 414

–intestinal wall 284

hypervascularization see vascularization hypoalbuminemia 301

hypoechoicity

–adrenal 370–373

–epididymis 434

–fallopian tubes 458–459

–gallbladder 161–162

–– focal 155–157

–– general 151–153

–liver

–– diffuse 77–78

–– focal masses 92, 96–100, 99, 104

–lung 537–546

–pancreas 173–175, 182–188, 195

–peritoneal cavity 298, 310–311

–scrotum 435–436

–seminal vesicles 426–427

–spleen 215–225

–testes 431–432

–thyroid 487–489, 491–498

–urinary tract 392–394

–– bladder 402–405

–– kidney 337, 350–356, 392–393 hypogonadism 431

hypoplasia

–aortic 5

–portal vein 209

–renal 323, 334

–uterine 447

hyposplenism, functional 211 hypothyroidism

–neonatal 485

–radiation-induced 485, 489 hypoxemic renal shock 338

ileitis, terminal 284 ileocecal valve

–intussusception 277

–lymphoma bowel 276 ileum

–anatomy and topography 261

–morphology 262

iliac artery, internal 444 iliac region

–lymph nodes 254–256

–other structures 255 iliac vein anomalies 30

immunological disease (incl. autoimmune disorders)

–liver 82

–pancreas 175

–spleen 211

–splenic enlargement due to 208

–thyroid 480–482, 483–484, 484, 487, 488, 504, 505

–– neonatal 485

–vasculitis 15, 21

imperforate hymen 442–443 impression, gastric 273 incidentaloma, adrenal 372 indented bladder 402, 408 infarction

–pulmonary 538–544

–renal 351

–splenic 214, 217–220

–testicular 432 infection

–bypass graft 27

–lymphadenopathy in 233

–ovarian tumor-related 473

–pancreatic cyst 185

–pyogenic see pyogenic lesions

–splenic cysts 215

–splenic enlargement 208, 209

–urinary tract obstruction complicated by 392

–see also abscess; bacteria; parasites infiltration, fatty

–liver 73, 74–75, 80–81

–– diffuse 75

–– focal 80–81

–pancreas 191

infiltration, tumorous see invasion inflammatory adnexal mass, ovarian 465 inflammatory atrophy of gallbladder 151

– see also cholecystitis

inflammatory bowel disease 283–285 inflammatory lymph node see lymph node

enlargement

inflammatory pleural effusions 524, 528 inflammatory pseudotumor 253 inflammatory tumor, renal 356 inguinal hernia 257, 281, 289

injuries (traumatic)

–gallbladder wall thickening following 152

–hepatic 119

–– capsular 90

–renal 358, 392

–splenic 222

–– cystic lesion 214

insufficiency, venous 33 insulinoma 182 interferon-induced thyroiditis 489 interlobar arteries 321, 361

– crossing 328

558

international classification of acute pancreatitis 174

interstitial pneumonia 547 intestine (bowel) 274–291, 317–318

–anatomy and topography 261–262

–disruption or impairment of propulsion, transport 288, 316

–fluid-filled loops 28, 265

–gut signature and 263

–hepatic metastases 96, 113

–herniation 257, 281, 289, 436

–large see large intestine

–small see small intestine

intima, aortic 3

– dissection 25

intracavitary lesions and masses

–bladder 402–409

–uterus 451–453

intraductal papillary mucinous (IPM) carcinoma 192, 194

intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) 192, 193, 194, 198

intrahepatic portal occlusion 44 intraluminal lesions/masses/changes

–arteries 22–25

–bile duct 140–141

–gallbladder 160–162

–polypoid see polypoid changes/lesions

–veins 34–36

–– portal 48–50

intraperitoneal... see peritoneal cavity intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) 451,

453 intussusception 277

invasion and infiltration (tumorous)

–abdominal lymph node 239–240

–adrenal 371

–arterial (incl. aorta) 19

–chest wall, by lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) 517, 544

–pancreatic 171

–renal 342, 343

–seminal vesicles 427, 428

–splenic 215–217, 225

–thyroid 498

–venous 37–38

–– hepatoportal system 52, 68–69, 104, 105

–– vena cava 37–38

–see also metastases

invasive sclerosing thyroiditis 483 irritable bowel syndrome 287, 290 ischemia, intestinal 286, 291 ischemic nephropathy 335 isoechoicity

–gallbladder surrounding tissue 164

–kidney 350–356

–liver masses 101–107

–pancreas 186–188

–thyroid 499–500

jejunum

–anatomy and topography 261

–gallstones in 278

–lymphoma 276

–morphology 262

juveniles see children

kidneys 309, 319–364, 392, 392–397

–acute failure 331, 337

–anatomy 321

–anomalies and malformations 322–323, 325–329, 383

–circumscribed changes 344–363

–complex echo structure 356–358

–cortex 321

–– cysts 346

–– nephrocalcinosis 362

–cysts see cysts

–diffuse changes 329–343

–horseshoe 28, 327

–hypoechoicity 337, 350–356, 392–393

–large 329–334

–medulla 321

–– cystic degeneration 348

–– nephrocalcinosis (and medullary sponge kidney) 324, 362

–parenchyma

–– in chronic vs. acute disease 338

–– hepatic parenchyma compared with 70

–– hypoechoic transformation 338

–– notching 360

–small 334–336

–topography 322

kinking, aortic 6

Klatskin cholangiocellular carcinoma 50, 131, 133, 137, 137

laboratory studies

–adrenal incidentaloma 373

–peritoneal fluid 299

–thyroid

–– Graves hyperthyroidism 481

–– medullary carcinoma 496

–– nodules 492

laparoscopy

–focal liver lesions 120

–ovarian tumor 473 large intestine 274–291

–dilatation 287

–obstruction (nonvascular) 318

–peristalsis 263

–see also colon

legs, lymph nodes draining the 245–247 leiomyoma

–stomach wall 267

–uterine (fibroids; myoma) 447, 448–449, 450

–vena cava 48

ligaments gastrosplenic 204

–round, of liver (ligamentum teres) 114

–splenorenal 204

light chain deposition disease 342 limb (extremity) lymph nodes 245–247 Lindsay tumor 496, 497

lipid cell tumor, ovarian 471 lipoma

–adrenal 375

–bladder 407

–cutaneous 515

–hepatic 94, 100

–thyroid 494

–see also angiomyolipoma; fibrolipomatosis; hemangiomyolipoma; myelolipoma

lipomatosis

–pancreatic 175

–renal sinus 355, 395

–see also fibrolipomatosis liposarcoma

–cutaneous metastases 516

–uterine 450

liquefaction

–pulmonary 535

–– in pneumonia 548, 549, 550

–splenic

–– infarct 219

–– with metastases 224

lithium-induced thyroiditis 485, 488 liver 55–123, 309

–anatomy 58

–– normal variants 59, 60

–atrophy 76

–block before (prehepatic) 44

–caudate lobe see caudate lobe

–cirrhosis see cirrhosis

–congestion 71–72, 143

–– acute 71, 78

–– chronic 68, 71–72

–diffuse change 66, 70–86, 117, 118

–enlargement see hepatomegaly; hepatosplenomegaly

–fibrosis 42, 79

–focal/localized change see focal change

–function 57

–gallbladder wall thickening relating to 152

–liver obstruction relating to 134

–lymph nodes 63, 247–248

–morphology (sonographic) and its assessment 59–69

–– dynamic criteria 63

–– extrinsic criteria 60, 63

–– intrinsic criteria 60, 62, 63

–– supplementary criteria 63

–necrosis 81, 113

–portal occlusion relating to 47–48

–resection 77

–shunts 45, 95

–size determination 71, 123

–small 76–77

–topography 57

lobar pneumonia 547, 548, 550 lob(ul)ation, fetal (kidney) 328 localized change see focal change lumen

–blood vessel, diameter

–– aorta 3

–– inferior vena cava 4

–– portal vein, enlarged 41

–dilatation see dilatation

–gastrointestinal tract

–– fluid within, differentiation from extraluminal fluid 316–318

–– gut signature and 262, 263

–lesions within see intraluminal lesions

–narrowing or blockage see obstruction; occlusion; stenosis

–wall see wall

lung 531–551

–masses 533–551

–– anechoic 534–536

–– complex 546–550

–– cyst 519, 535

–– hypoechoic 537–546

–topography and morphology 533

Index

559

Index

lung cancer (carcinomas incl. bronchial carci-

– thyroid

495

– – irregular 117–119

noma) 536, 538, 544–546

– uterine

447

– nodular see nodules

– adrenal metastases 370, 371, 372, 374, 376

– see also Hodgkin disease

– ovarian adnexal see adnexal lesions/masses

– apex of lung/chest wall involvement (Pan-

lymphoproliferative disorders, splenic infarc-

– pancreatic duct see pancreatic duct

coast tumor)

517, 544

tion 217

– periampullary see periampullary lesions and

– atelectasis in

539, 540

masses

– cutaneous metastases 516

– perirenal see perirenal lesions

– hepatic metastases 96

– peritoneal tumor 316

– interstitial pneumonia and 547

– perivascular see perivascular lesions and

– lobar pneumonia and 550

macrofollicular thyroid adenoma or nodule

masses

– pleural effusions 525, 527, 535

501

– pleural 518–520

lutein cyst 462

macroglobulinemia, Waldenström 342

– pulmonary see lung

lymph cysts

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focal liver

– renal pelvic 394–398

– parapelvic/peripelvic 346

lesions

120

– scrotal 435–436

– thyroid

489, 490

malabsorption, gallbladder changes 151

– ureteral see ureter

lymph flow parameters 238

malacia, myoma 448

– vaginal 442–443

lymph node(s)

231–258

male genital tract 416–437

– vascular intraluminal see intraluminal lesions

– abdominal see peritoneal cavity

malignant tumors (cancer)

– vascularization of see vascularization

– anatomy 233

– adrenal

371–372, 375, 377

– see also diffuse or general changes; focal

– morphology 235–241

– biliary 131, 134, 137

change

– peripheral see peripheral lymph nodes

– – gallbladder 118, 157, 159

mechanical ileus

288

– topography

233–234

– – periampullary 140, 197

media

lymph node enlargement/inflammation and

– bladder

404–405, 407, 412

– aortic 3

lymphadenopathy 233

– breast see breast cancer

– calcific stenosis

– axilla and groin 245

– chest wall 517

median arcuate ligament syndrome 13

– biliary, cholestasis due to 135

– gastrointestinal tract

mediastinal lymph nodes

257

– head/neck

242

– – esophagus see esophagus

medullary sponge kidney

324, 362

– mesenteric

252, 282

– – gastric see stomach

medullary thyroid carcinoma 496

– pancreatic

184

– – intestine 275–276

megacalicosis 385

– porta hepatis

247

– – lymph node metastases 241

megaureter

385

– retroperitoneal (para-aortic; iliac etc.)

254

– genital tract of females

melanoma (malignant)

– splenic hilum

249

– – cervix

457–458

– lymph node metastases

249, 255

– venous compression caused by 38

– – fallopian tubes 459

– thyroid metastases 498

lymph node metastases

– – ovary see ovaries

Ménétrier disease

271

– axilla/groin

246

– – signs of malignity 474

menopause

441

– head/neck

242

– – uterus

450, 456–458

– ovaries before 474

– mesenteric

252

– – vagina

443

– see also postmenopause

– ovarian cancer 466, 467, 468

– genital tract of males

menstrual cycle 454–455

– porta hepatis

248

– – prostate 405, 419–420, 421, 425

mesenchymal tumors

– prostatic cancer 419

– – testes see testicles

– bladder 405

– retroperitoneal (para-aortic; iliac etc.)

255

– hematological, splenomegaly 210

– kidney, mixed with epithelial tumor 352

– splenic hilum

250

– hepatic

68, 86, 99–100, 103–105, 112–113,

mesenteric artery

– see also TNM staging

118, 121

– stenosis 14

lymphangioma, small bowel 276

– lung see lung cancer

– superior, pancreas and

169

lymphatic system

– lymphadenopathy caused by 233

mesenteric lymph nodes

251–254, 282

– hepatic

– pancreas see pancreas

mesenteric veins

– pancreatic

170

– perivascular/vascular disturbances 27, 68

– superior

lymphocele, perirenal 346

– – arterial stenosis due to 19

– – pancreas and

169

lymphocytic lymphoma, porta hepatis lymph

– – venous infiltration due to 38

– – thrombosis

node metastases 249

– pleural

519, 521, 523

mesothelioma, malignant

519, 523

lymphocytic thyroiditis see Hashimoto

– pleural effusion with 524, 525, 526, 528

metabolic disorders, renal disorders in 341

lymphoma (malignant)

– primary tumor sources

metastases, distant

– adrenal

371

– – hepatic metastases 97

– location

– arterial stenosis due to 19

– – peritoneal carcinomatosis 314

– – adrenal

370, 371, 374, 376

– cutaneous

516

– renal 257, 334, 352–356, 359

– – bladder

405

– gastric

268, 270, 271

– renal pelvis/ureter 394

– – cutaneous

515

– hepatic

86, 94, 97

– splenic

206, 215–217, 227

– – gallbladder

160

– intestinal 276, 287

– splenic enlargement in malignant systemic

– – hepatic 85, 95, 96–97, 106, 113, 118, 121, 143

– lymph node involvement 240

disease

208

– – ovaries

467, 468

– – axilla/groin

246

– spread see infiltration; metastases

– – pancreatic

139, 183, 184, 199

– – head/neck

243–244

– staging of see staging

– – perivascular arterial

– – mesenteric

252

– thyroid

495–498, 504

– – perivascular venous

– – porta hepatis 248, 249

– see also specific types

– – pleural

518

524, 527

– – retroperitoneal (para-aortic; iliac etc.) 255

malrotation of kidney 326

– – pleural effusions with

– – splenic hilum 250

Marfan syndrome 7, 9

– – pulmonary

544–546

– pancreatic

171, 184, 199

Marine–Lenhart syndrome 482, 504

– – renal 350, 356

– perivascular 27

masses

– – rib/sternal

514

– – arterial stenosis due to 19

– bile duct see bile duct

– – splenic

206, 224–225

– pleural

521, 525

– bladder, intracavitary 402–409

– – thyroid

498

– pulmonary

545

– chest wall see chest wall

– source (= primary tumor)

– renal 342, 354, 357

– cystic see cyst

– – from bladder

404

– splenic

210, 215–217, 227, 250

– hepatic

86–122

– – of hepatic metastases

560

– – from lung see lung cancer				nephroblastoma		354		– – metastatic pleural effusions 527
– – from prostate		405, 419		nephrocalcinosis		362		– morphology			460
– – from stomach		113, 122, 301		– cortical 362				– topography			460
– – see also invasion; TNM staging				– medullary (and medullary sponge kidney)				overflow bladder 399
metastases, lymph node see lymph node me-				324, 362
tastases				nephronophthisis, familial 324				P
microabscess, splenic			220, 221	neuroblastoma	377
microcalcification				neuroendocrine tumors see endocrine and
– chronic pancreatitis			190	neuroendocrine tumors				pain and gut signature 263
– thyroid carcinoma 496				neurogenic bladder 399				pampiniform venous plexus varices (= varico-
microfollicular adenoma 491–492				newborns, hypothyroidism			485	cele) 436
microlithiasis				nodular hypersplenism 227				panarteritis nodosa 21
– biliary (small gallstones) 135, 157, 160, 161				nodules (and nodular masses)				Pancoast tumor 517, 544
– testicular 433				– liver				pancreas	167–200, 198–199, 309
Mirizzi syndrome		135, 154		– – focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 86, 99,				– anatomy 169
miscarriage (abortion), missed or incomplete				101–103, 101, 112, 121				– annular	188
453				– – regenerative nodule (liver) 86, 112				– biliary dilatation/obstruction relating to
Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis 22				– pleural 518–520				138–139
mononucleosis 207, 209, 248				– pulmonary, peripheral 535				– cancer	183–184, 186–187, 192, 193, 197
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), focal liver				– thyroid 492				– – carcinoma see carcinoma; cystadenocarci-
lesions	120			– – adenomatous see adenomatous thyroid				noma
mucinous biliary papillomatosis 131				nodules				– – focal pancreatitis vs. 186
mucinous cystic neoplasms				– – autonomous		482, 492, 503		– diffuse change 170–178, 195
– ovaries	463, 470			– – cold 492, 496, 498, 501				– divided (pancreas divisum) 187, 196, 199
– pancreas 192, 193, 194				– – cystic masses with 489, 490				– exocrine vs. endocrine functions 169
mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis 307				– – macrofollicular 501				– gallbladder wall thickening relating to 152
mucocele				– – malignant vs. benign 496–497, 497				– hepatic parenchyma compared with 70
– appendiceal 276				– – multiple 496, 503				– large/enlarged 170–171, 195
– uterine	452			– – normofollicular 499				– pseudocysts			179, 180, 185, 192, 251, 369
mucosal folds, gastric			269	– – regressive change 500, 501				– small/reduced 172–173, 195
müllerian duct fusion anomalies 443, 446				non-Hodgkin lymphoma see lymphoma				– topography 169
multiple cysts				normofollicular thyroid adenoma 491, 499				– tumors see tumors
– kidney	325, 344							pancreatectomy 173
– ovaries	462			O				pancreatic duct (Wirsung’s duct) 169, 181
– thyroid	490							– accessory		169
multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome								– dilatation		195–199
496				obstruction (nonvascular)				– gas 190
multiple thyroid nodules 496, 503				– biliary 132–140				– lesions/masses within 198
myelolipoma, adrenal			375	– – location in differential diagnosis of choles-				– – carcinoma			139, 183, 184
myeloproliferative disorders, splenic 227				tasis 142				– – cysts	181
– infarction 217				– bronchial, causing atelectasis 537				– – see also intraductal papillary mucinous
– splenomegaly 210				– gastric outlet	272, 317			carcinoma; intraductal papillary mucinous
myolipoma, thyroid 502				– large-bowel	318			neoplasms
myoma				– pancreatic, in chronic pancreatitis 178				– stent 190		170–171, 174–175, 176–178, 195,
– bladder	407			– renal pelvic, by uterine myoma 449				pancreatitis
– thyroid	502			– small-bowel	317			196–197, 197–198, 303, 313
– uterine	447, 448–449, 450			– urinary tract	385, 390, 392			– acute 51, 170–171, 174, 196
myometrial changes 446–450				– see also occlusion; stenosis; stricture				– – Atlanta classification 174, 181
myxedema 480, 484				occlusion, vascular (obstruction; complete				– – relapsing			181, 197
				block)				– autoimmune 175
N				– arterial (incl. aortic) 17				– chronic	138, 171, 176–178, 191, 197, 197–198
				– – splenic 217		211		– – atrophic		172, 200
				– asplenia due to				– – calcifying			177, 189
neck nodes see head and neck				– portal				– – cancer risk 199
necrosis				– – intrahepatic		45–47		– – early	174
– hepatic	81, 113			– – posthepatic 47–48				– – focal	191
– pancreatic 179, 181				– – prehepatic	44			– – recurrent			174, 196
– – focal, in chronic pancreatitis 178				– see also obstruction; stenosis; stricture				– focal (segmental) 185, 187
– – infected or sterile peripancreatic necrosis				oncocytoma (oncocytic adenoma)				– gastric wall in 271
171				– renal 352, 356				– necrotizing			173, 311
– – peripancreatic fat necrosis 171, 190				– thyroid 493				– – hemorrhagic 181
– – post-pancreatitic see pancreatitis				orchitis 430				– peritoneal fluid in 303, 313
– pulmonary 545				Ormond disease (retroperitoneal fibrosis) 28,				papillae, renal
– uterine myoma		449		38, 391				– calcification			361
needle biopsy (percutaneous)				Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome 94				– necrosis 348
– fine see fine-needle aspiration				ovaries 460–474				papillary adenoma
– liver lesions 120				– anatomy and histology 460				– kidney	356
– lung tumors and metastases 544				– appendicitis vs. disorders of 280				– thyroid	491–492
neonatal hypothyroidism 485				– cancer 463, 465–469, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473				papillary biliary lesions 140
neoplasms see tumors				– – clinical aspects 473				papillary carcinoma
nephritis, acute 337				– – diagnosis and treatment			473	– biliary	140
– see also glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis				– – lymph node metastases			237, 250, 255	– bladder	404

Index

561

Index

– renal cell 352

– localized changes 308–312

portal circulation (in general)

– thyroid 496, 497, 504

– lymph nodes 238–241, 247–251

– hypertension 41–47, 207, 209

papillary mucinous neoplasms, intraductal

– – biliary

– splenic enlargement relating to 208

192, 193, 194, 198

– – hepatic

63, 247–248

portal veins (and branches/tributaries)

39–53

papillomas

– – pancreatic

170

– anatomy 39, 62

– bladder 404, 407

– – regions

234

– anechoic masses

– gallbladder 158, 159

– – staging with tumors involving 241

– in cirrhosis

papillomatosis, mucinous biliary 131

– morphology

296–297

– congenital hypoplasia 209

para-aortic region

– pseudomyxoma 307, 469

– embolism 81, 117

– lymph nodes 254–257

– topography

295

– flow patterns 62, 64

– other structures 255

peritonitis (bacterial) 301, 314

– infiltration and invasion by tumor 52, 68–69,

paracaval lymph nodes 254–257

– purulent

301, 303, 305, 314

104

paracentesis, fine-needle 298, 299

– spontaneous, cirrhosis of liver with

303

– pathology 69

parafollicular cell (C-cell) carcinoma, medul-

perivascular lesions and masses

– thrombosis

41, 48, 64, 100, 107, 143

lary thyroid 496

– arterial

25–28

– topography

39, 128

parailiac lymph node enlargement 255–256

– spleen

217

positron emission tomography (PET), focal liver

paralytic ileus 288

– venous

lesions

120

paraovarian cyst 462

PET (positron emission tomography), focal liver

posthepatic portal occlusion (complete block)

parapelvic lymph cysts 346

lesions

120

47–48

paraprotein kidney

333

pheochromocytoma 375, 376

postmenopause

441

parasites, bile duct

141

phleboliths

– endometrium

454, 474

parathyroid gland

phlegmonous cholecystitis 152, 153

postoperative status

– adenoma 494, 500

placental polyps

453

– bladder 402

– hyperplasia 477

plaque

– cholecystectomy

132, 163, 196

– location 478

– arteriosclerotic

19, 20–21

– gastrectomy

274

parenchyma

– – protruding 23

– pancreatectomy

173

– hepatic

– pleural

518, 520

– prostate (after prostatectomy or transureth-

– – cholestasis relating to 142

plasmacytoma, cutaneous metastases

516

ral resection) 422, 424

– – diffuse change

66, 70–86, 117, 118

pleura 511, 512, 518–529

– thyroid resection

486

– – echotexture 60, 62

– anatomy and topography 511

– vagina

444

– – localized change see focal change

– effusions

519, 523–529

postpartum period

– pancreatic, in chronic pancreatitis 176

– – atelectasis caused by compression from

– thyroiditis 487

– renal see kidney

537

– uterus

445, 457

– splenic

– – loculated

523, 528, 534, 535

postprandial pancreatic duct dilatation

196

– – diffuse changes

206–207

– morphology

511

Potter syndrome

– – focal lesions with lymphoma

215

– parietal

518–523

– type I

324

– – trauma 223

– plaque

518, 520

– type II

324

– thyroid, diffuse goiter 479–480

– structural defects 541

– type III (autosomal dominant polycystic kid-

pediatrics see children

– thickening 519, 520–523

ney disease)

324, 325, 344

peliosis, hepatic 94

pleuritis (pleurisy) 549

pregnancy 452–455

percutaneous needle biopsy see needle biopsy

– with effusions

524

– laparoscopy, ovarian tumor 473

perforation

pleuropneumonia 549

– ovarian tumor in

473

– gallbladder, with gallstones 154, 278

pneumobilia 140

– thyroid dysfunction in 487

– GI tract 312

pneumonia

546–549

– see also postpartum period

– – appendix 281

– lobar 547, 548, 550

prehepatic block

– – duodenal ulcer

305, 306, 308, 312

pneumoperitoneum (intra-abdominal gas col-

premenopausal ovaries 474

– – gastric ulcer 269

lections)

296, 307

pressures in biliary system 132–140

periadrenal masses

369

pneumothorax 529

– in differential diagnosis of cholestasis

142

periampullary lesions and masses

140

polycystic kidney disease 324–325, 331, 344

primary sclerosing cholangitis 130, 132, 142

– malignant 140, 197, 199

– autosomal dominant (Potter syndrome type

primary tumors

peripelvic lymph cysts 346

III) 324, 325, 344

– location (as source of metastases) see me-

peripheral arterial stenosis 16

– autosomal recessive

324

tastases

peripheral lymph nodes 241–247

polycystic liver disease

89, 92, 309

– in TNM staging (= T)

– topography 233–234

polycystic ovary syndrome 462

– – bladder carcinoma 412

peripheral vein anomalies 30

polyglandular autoimmune syndrome

483,

– – ovarian cancer

466, 468

perirenal lesions 350

484

– – prostatic carcinoma 419

– cystic 345

polyp(s)

– uterine corpus

456

peristalsis 263

262, 263

– cervical

453

prolapsed uterus

446

– gut signature and

– endometrial

453

proliferative phase of menstrual cycle 454

– ileus and 288

– gastric

266

prostate

417–426

– intestinal fluid-filled loops and

28, 265

– intestinal

276

– anatomy and topography 417

peritoneal cavity (and abdominal cavity)

– placental

453

– changes and lesions 417, 418–422

293–318

polypoid changes/lesions (intraluminal)

– – benign hyperplasia see hyperplasia

– anatomy 295

– bladder

404–405, 407

– – carcinoma see carcinoma

– blood (hematoperitoneum) 222

– gallbladder

156, 159, 162

– – enlarged size 418–422

– carcinomatosis see carcinomatosis

– intestine

276, 290

– – reduced size

422–426

– diffuse changes 298–308

– stomach

266

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay 419

– fluid collections exterior to 296, 308,

porcelain gallbladder 155

prostatitis

316–316

porphyria 112

– acute 420–421

– fluid collections within see fluid collections

porta hepatis

57, 128, 129

– chronic 422, 423

– hernia 257, 281, 289, 436

– lymph nodes 247–248

pseudoaneurysms

8, 11, 25

– splenic

214, 219

562

pseudoascites (extraperitoneal/extra-abdomi-

renal cell carcinoma

334, 352, 357

septic pyelonephritis 333

nal fluid collections) 296, 308, 316–316

– adrenal metastases

374

septic–toxic kidney

332, 341

pseudocysts

179, 180, 185, 192, 251, 369

– cystic 347, 352, 357

seroma, renal

349

– pancreatic

renal pelvis

386–392

serometra 452

– splenic 214

– abscess

393

seropneumothorax

529

– see also lymphocele

– anatomy 381

serous cystic neoplasms

pseudodiverticula

– ectasia (pyelectasis) 349, 364, 386

– ovary 463, 469, 470

– bladder 401, 411, 413–414

– inflammation see pyelitis; pyelonephritis

– pancreas

192, 193, 194

– sigmoid colon

279

– mass 394–398

Sertoli stromal cell tumors 471

pseudomembranous enterocolitis 286

– stone see urolithiasis

sex cord-stromal tumors 469,

pseudomyxoma peritonei 307, 469

– uterine myoma causing obstruction

449

sex hormones

441, 460

pseudopapillary neoplasms, solid 193, 194

renal veins 321

shock, renal 331

pseudopolyps, cholesterol 158, 159

– anomalies

– hypoxemic

338

pseudotumor

– ectasia

349

shunts, intrahepatic

45, 95

– fibrous 436

– thrombosis 332, 337

sickle-cell anemia 211, 217

– inflammatory

253

renovascular malformations 329

side-lobe artifact (bladder) 408

psoas muscle, hepatic parenchyma compared

reproductive tract see genital tract

sigmoid colon

with 70

retention cyst

– diverticula 278

pulmonary parenchyma/non-vascular tissue

– ovarian

461

– – inflammation (diverticulitis) 279

see lung

– pancreatic

179, 180

– pseudodiverticula

279

pulmonary vessels

548

– renal 345

single kidney

330

– embolism

538–544

reticuloendothelial tumors of bladder

405

sinus, renal, masses

354, 395, 397

pulsatility index and peripheral arterial steno-

retroperitoneal branches

situs inversus

sis 16

– abdominal aorta 3

skin metastases 515

pulseless disease (Takayasu arteritis) 15, 21

– inferior vena cava

sludge

purulent lesions see pyogenic lesions

retroperitoneum/retroperitoneal space

– bladder 404

putty kidney

363

254–257, 296

– gallbladder

161–162, 166

pyelectasis 349, 364, 386

– fibrosis

28, 38, 391

small cell lung cancer, hepatic metastases 96

pyelitis (and pyelonephritis), suppurative 343,

– lymph nodes 254–257

small intestine 274–291

393

– – regions 234

– anatomy and topography 261

pyelocaliceal stone see urolithiasis

– other structures 255

– dilatation

287

pyelonephritis

ribs 511, 512

– obstruction

317

– acute 333

– fractures 513

– peristalsis

263

– chronic 335, 340

– metastases

514

– see also entries under enter-

– emphysematous

350, 362

Riedel goiter

483

spermatocele

434

– suppurative 343, 393

Riedel lobe 59, 60

spherocytosis

208

– xanthomatous

350, 357

Rokitansky–Küstner syndrome

447

spindle cell renal carcinoma 352

pyloric stenosis

264

round ligament of liver 114

splanchnic branches

– hypertrophic 270

– abdominal aorta (incl. splanchnic arteries) 3

pyogenic (purulent/suppurative) lesions

– – stenosis

– cholangitis

130

– inferior vena cava

– fallopian tubes (pyosalpinx) 459

spleen 201–229, 309

– kidney

sactosalpinx

459

– accessory

250, 372, 374

– – renal collecting system (pyonephrosis)

Santorini’s duct 169

– anatomy

203

333, 343, 356, 393

saphenous insufficiency, greater 33

– focal changes 213–229

– – renal pelvis (pyelonephritis) 343, 393

sarcoma

– hepatic parenchyma compared with 70

– peritonitis

301, 303, 305, 314

– cutaneous metastases 156

– hilar lymph nodes

249–251

– pleura (pyothorax) 522, 550

– ovarian

471

– infarction

214, 217–220

– pleural effusions

524

– uterine

450

– large 208–210

– seminal vesicles

427

scars, renal 350

– lymphoma

210, 215–217, 227, 250

– uterus (pyometra) 452

scintigraphy (radionuclide scan)

– non-focal changes

206–212

– – myoma 448

– liver, focal lesions 120

– small 211–212

– thyroid

477

– topography

204

– – carcinoma 496

splenic artery

6, 170, 205

– – de Quervain thyroiditis 495

– aneurysms

181

radiation therapy

– – in hyperthyroidism 505–506

– calcified 190

– – macrofollicular adenoma 501

– obstruction

217

– hypothyroidism following

485, 489

– – nodules

483, 492, 498, 501, 504

– partial dearterialization 217

– prostate following 423

– – normofollicular adenomas

499

splenic vein

39, 170, 203, 205

radioiodine-treated thyroid

486

scirrhous carcinoma

270, 274

– thrombosis

50, 209

radionuclide imaging see scintigraphy

sclerosing cholangitis, primary

130, 132, 142

splenorenal ligaments 204

regenerative nodule (liver)

86, 112

sclerosing thyroiditis, invasive

483

splenorenal shunts

regionally inhomogeneous liver texture 80–81

scrotal mass

435–436

sprue (celiac disease) 265, 283

renal... see entries below and kidney

secretory phase of menstrual cycle 454

squamous cell carcinoma

renal arteries 321

segmental anatomy of liver 58

– bladder 407

– aneurysm

349

– variants 59

– cervix

457

– arteriolosclerosis

335

seminal vesicles 417, 426–428

– thyroid

496, 497

– arteriovenous malformations 349

seminoma 433

– uterine corpus

456

– duplicated

septation

– vagina

443

– embolism

334–335

– ascites

310

staghorn calculus

363, 392, 396

– stenosis 13, 334–335

– renal cyst

344–345

staging of tumors

– vagina

443

– bladder carcinoma 412

Index

563

Index

– in lymph node involvement 241, 257

testicles 429–439

TSH see thyroid-stimulating hormone

– ovarian cancer 466, 468

– anatomy/topography 429

tuberculosis

– prostatic carcinoma 412

– cancer 432

– lymphadenopathy 239, 254

– uterine corpus 456

– – lymph node metastases 239, 255

– peritoneal

305

starvation gut

290, 291

– changes

417, 429–437

– pleural

522

steatohepatitis (fatty liver hepatitis) 73–74

tetraiodothyronine (T4) 477

– prostatic 423

steatosis see fatty change

theca-lutein cyst

462

– renal

348, 363

Stein–Leventhal syndrome 462

thecoma and thecomatosis 464, 471

tuberous sclerosis 359

stenosis (luminal narrowing)

thoracic aortic aneurysm

7, 9, 536

tumor/neoplasm

– aortic see aorta

thoracic wall see chest wall

– adrenal

371–373, 374–375, 376–377

– arterial 12–19

thorotrast and thorotrastosis 118, 207

– arterial stenosis due to 19, 121

– – arteriosclerotic see arteriosclerosis

thromboembolism, splenic infarction 217

– gallbladder 156–160

– – renal 13, 334–335

thrombophilia, splenic infarction 217

– gastric

266–268, 270–271, 274

– biliary tree

135

thrombosis (and thrombus)

– hepatic

85, 98, 99–100, 103–105, 112–113,

– gastrointestinal tract

– venous

34–36

118

– – duodenum

317

– – hepatic 100

– intestinal

275–276, 287, 290

– – gastric pylorus see pyloric stenosis

– – portal

41, 48, 64, 100, 107, 143

– – stenosis

290

– – gut signature and 263

– – renal

332, 337

– invasion by see invasion

– – intestine

290–291

– – splenic 50, 209

– malignant see malignant tumors

– pancreatic, benign causes 138

– – superior mesenteric

– ovarian

469–473

– urinary tract

– – vena cava 32

– – clinical aspects 473

– – ureter (subpelvic) 387

– white arterial

21, 23

– – cystic

463, 470

– – uteropelvic junction 385

thyroid arteries

477, 478

– – diagnosis and treatment 473

– vena cava, dilatation due to 32

thyroid gland 475–507

– pancreatic

161, 182–184, 186–187, 369

– see also obstruction; occlusion; stricture

– anatomy 477

– – cystic

180, 192–194

stents

– circumscribed changes

489–494

– parathyroid 494, 500

– biliary 140

– diffuse changes 479–489

– portovenous involvement 51

– bilioduodenal 138

– enlargement 479–483

– pulmonary 544–546

– endovascular

– functions 477

– splenic

206, 215–217, 225

– – carotid 18

– regressive changes

500, 501, 503

– staging of see staging

– pancreatic duct 190

– topography

478

– testicular

239, 432, 433

sternum 511

thyroid peroxidase (TPO), autoantibodies

480,

– thyroid

491–494, 495–498, 499, 500, 501,

– fractures 513

481, 487

502, 503

– metastases

514

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum le-

– urinary tract

steroid cell tumor, ovarian 471

vels 492

– – bladder

404–405, 407, 411, 412

stomach (gastric...) 266–274, 316–317

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor,

– – renal

334, 352–356, 357, 359, 364

– anatomy and tomography 261

autoantibodies

480, 481, 484, 487

– – ureter, causing obstruction 390

– cancer 267, 270

thyroiditis 480, 483–485, 487, 488–489, 505

– uterine

445, 446, 448–450, 450, 456–458,

– – metastatic

113, 122, 301

– chronic, with transient hyperthyroidism 487

473

– emptying, dysfunction 272

– de Quervain see de Quervain thyroiditis

– see also specific types

– gut signature

264

– drug-induced

485, 488

tumorlike ovarian lesions 469

– morphology

262

– Hashimoto see Hashimoto thyroiditis

tunica adventitia/intima/media see adventitia;

– outlet obstruction 272, 317

– interferon-induced

489

intima; media

– peristalsis 263

– invasive sclerosing

483

tunica albuginea, fibroma 436

stones see calculi

– postpartum 487

stricture, ureteral 390

– silent/sporadic

488

– see also obstruction; occlusion; stenosis

thyroxine (T4) 477

stromal tumors

TNM staging of tumors

– gastrointestinal (GIST) 266, 275

– bladder carcinoma

412

ulceration

– sex cord 469, 471

– with lymph node metastases

241, 257

– duodenal, perforated

305, 306, 308, 312

struma ovarii

472

– ovarian cancer

466, 468

– gastric

269

strumectomy

486

– prostatic carcinoma

419

ulcerative colitis

285

subcapsular lesions (of spleen)

– uterine corpus

456

umbilical hernia

281

– hemorrhage

219

torsion

umbilical vein recanalization 45

– rupture 222

– testicular 430

undifferentiated/anaplastic tumors (incl. carci-

superficial venous thrombosis 34

– uterine pedunculated tumor

473

nomas)

suppurative lesions see pyogenic lesions

transabdominal ultrasound, female genital

– kidney

352

supraclavicular structures 244

tract 441

– liver

134, 195

suprarenal glands see adrenal glands

transitional cell carcinoma of urinary tract

– pancreas 183

surgery, status after see postoperative status

(urothelial carcinoma)

354, 355, 394

– thyroid

496, 504

surgical capsule (hyperplastic prostate)

426

transitional cell tumor of ovaries 470

ureter

394–398

suture complications with bypass grafts

transplantation and grafting (allogeneic)

– bifid

384

– bone marrow, graft-versus-host disease

211

– course

382

– renal 364

– duplex

384

– – rejection

334

– ectopic

391, 424

transudates

– function and its assessment 389–390

Takayasu arteritis 15, 21

– peritoneal

300

– jets 408

tampon 443

– pleural

524, 525

– length and diameter

381

tamponade, bladder 403

transurethral resection (TUR) of prostate

422,

– mass

394–398

temporal (giant-cell) arteritis 15, 21

424, 425

– – stones 390, 397

teratoma, ovarian 472

trauma see injuries

– – tumor obstruction

390

tri-iodothyronine (T3)

477

564

– stricture			390			varices and varicosities			ventricular failure, right-sided (=right-sided
– see also megaureter						– esophageal		45	heart failure) 301, 312, 337
ureterocele			390, 407, 413			– gallbladder		156	vesicorenal reflux 391
ureteropelvic junction				382		– gastric	268		vesicoureteral junction see ureterovesical
– obstruction 385						– mesenteric		253	junction
– – stone		388, 390				– pampiniform venous plexus (= varicocele)			vesicoureteral reflux		391
ureterovesical junction obstruction					385	436			vesiculitis (seminal)		427, 428
– stone	388					vas deferens		429	viral hepatitis 78, 143
urethra, male 417						vascular malformations and anomalies			von Meyenburg hamartoma 66, 112
– see also transurethral resection						– biliary obstruction due to 135
urinary tract 379–414						– hepatic	95		W
– anatomy			381			– – metastases 97
– catheter			406			– pancreatic		169–170
– malformations see congenital anomalies and						– renal 328–329			Waldenström macroglobulinemia 342
variants						– – scars	360		wall
– obstruction 385, 390, 392						– see also arteriovenous malformations; dila-			– abdominal	309
– stones see urolithiasis						tations			– arterial/aortic, thickening 19–22
– topography 382						vascularity of gastrointestinal tract and hyper-			– bile duct, thickening 130–131, 142
– urothelial carcinoma				354, 355, 394		vascularization (of lesions/masses) 262, 263			– bladder 410–414
urine						vascularization and hypervascularization (of			– – indentations 402, 408
– flow/transport stasis				388		lesions/masses)			– chest see chest wall
– – chronic			389–390			– liver 87, 102			– gallbladder see gallbladder
– outflow obstruction				390		– lymph nodes 236–238			– gastrointestinal tract 270–271
– – acute		332				– pancreatic cancer 183, 184			– – intestine	274–287
– reflux 391–392						– splenic	224, 226		– – layering	262, 263
– residual 400						vasculature (blood vessels/supply) 1–53			– – thickness and thickening 262, 263
– retention			398–399			– biliary tree-adjacent, cholestasis and 142			– peritoneal	312–316
– – acute		332				– hepatic, anechoic masses 95			– vaginal, cyst 443
urinoma		302, 349				– malignancy involving see malignant tumors			white thrombus 21, 23
urolithiasis (urinary stones/calculi)					388,	– pancreatic		181	WHO see World Health Organization
395–396						– pulmonary see pulmonary vessels			Wilms tumor 354
– bladder		409				– renal 321			Wirsung’s duct see pancreatic duct
– colic	388					– splenic	203, 205–206		World Health Organization (WHO)
– renal	362, 392					– – calcification 229			– atherosclerosis definition 19
– renal pelvis and calices 396–397						– thyroid	477, 478, 491		– ovarian cancer staging 466
– – staghorn calculus				363, 392, 396		– uterine	444		– renal (incl. renal pelvis) tumor classification
– ureter 390, 397						– see also arteries; veins and specific vessels			352, 394
urothelial carcinoma 354, 355, 394						vasculitis	15, 21		– thyroid tumor classification 496
uterine artery 444						veins 29–38
uterus	444–458					– compression or infiltration 37–38			X
– anatomy			444–445			– dilatation 31–33
– intracavitary changes 451–453						– – inferior vena cava 31–33
– morphology 445						– – renal vein 349			xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis 152
– myometrial changes				446–450		– intraluminal mass see intraluminal lesions			xanthomatous pyelonephritis 259, 357
– neck see cervix						– varices see varices and varicosities
– size and shape abnormalities 446–447						– see also specific veins			Y
– tumors		445, 446, 448–450, 450, 456–458,				vena cava, inferior 29–38
473						– anatomy and topography 4			yolk sac tumor 472
utricular cyst 424						– anomalies		29–31
						– dilatation 31–33
V						– intraluminal mass 34–36
						– see also aortointercaval lymph nodes; para-
						caval lymph nodes
vagina	442–444					veno-occlusive disease 37, 47
valves, venous 36						ventral (pancreatic) anlage 185, 187

Index

565

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