- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Contributors
- •1 Vessels
- •1.1 Aorta, Vena Cava, and Peripheral Vessels
- •Aorta, Arteries
- •Anomalies and Variant Positions
- •Dilatation
- •Stenosis
- •Wall Thickening
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Perivascular Mass
- •Vena Cava, Veins
- •Anomalies
- •Dilatation
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Compression, Infiltration
- •1.2 Portal Vein and Its Tributaries
- •Enlarged Lumen Diameter
- •Portal Hypertension
- •Intraluminal Mass
- •Thrombosis
- •Tumor
- •2 Liver
- •Enlarged Liver
- •Small Liver
- •Homogeneous Hypoechoic Texture
- •Homogeneous Hyperechoic Texture
- •Regionally Inhomogeneous Texture
- •Diffuse Inhomogeneous Texture
- •Anechoic Masses
- •Hypoechoic Masses
- •Isoechoic Masses
- •Hyperechoic Masses
- •Echogenic Masses
- •Irregular Masses
- •Differential Diagnosis of Focal Lesions
- •Diagnostic Methods
- •Suspected Diagnosis
- •3 Biliary Tree and Gallbladder
- •3.1 Biliary Tree
- •Thickening of the Bile Duct Wall
- •Localized and Diffuse
- •Bile Duct Rarefaction
- •Localized and Diffuse
- •Bile Duct Dilatation and Intraductal Pressure
- •Intrahepatic
- •Hilar and Prepancreatic
- •Intrapancreatic
- •Papillary
- •Abnormal Intraluminal Bile Duct Findings
- •Foreign Body
- •The Seven Most Important Questions
- •3.2 Gallbladder
- •Changes in Size
- •Large Gallbladder
- •Small/Missing Gallbladder
- •Wall Changes
- •General Hypoechogenicity
- •General Hyperechogenicity
- •General Tumor
- •Focal Tumor
- •Intraluminal Changes
- •Hyperechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Nonvisualized Gallbladder
- •Missing Gallbladder
- •Obscured Gallbladder
- •4 Pancreas
- •Diffuse Pancreatic Change
- •Large Pancreas
- •Small Pancreas
- •Hypoechoic Texture
- •Hyperechoic Texture
- •Focal Changes
- •Anechoic Lesion
- •Hypoechoic Lesion
- •Isoechoic Lesion
- •Hyperechoic Lesion
- •Irregular (Complex Structured) Lesion
- •Dilatation of the Pancreatic Duct
- •Marginal/Mild Dilatation
- •Marked Dilatation
- •5 Spleen
- •Nonfocal Changes of the Spleen
- •Diffuse Parenchymal Changes
- •Large Spleen
- •Small Spleen
- •Focal Changes of the Spleen
- •Anechoic Mass
- •Hypoechoic Mass
- •Hyperechoic Mass
- •Splenic Calcification
- •6 Lymph Nodes
- •Peripheral Lymph Nodes
- •Head/Neck
- •Extremities (Axilla, Groin)
- •Abdominal Lymph Nodes
- •Porta Hepatis
- •Splenic Hilum
- •Mesentery (Celiac, Upper and Lower Mesenteric Station)
- •Stomach
- •Focal Wall Changes
- •Extended Wall Changes
- •Dilated Lumen
- •Narrowed Lumen
- •Small/Large Intestine
- •Focal Wall Changes
- •Extended Wall Changes
- •Dilated Lumen
- •Narrowed Lumen
- •8 Peritoneal Cavity
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Wall Structures
- •Smooth Margin
- •Irregular Margin
- •Intragastric Processes
- •Intraintestinal Processes
- •9 Kidneys
- •Anomalies, Malformations
- •Aplasia, Hypoplasia
- •Cystic Malformation
- •Anomalies of Number, Position, or Rotation
- •Fusion Anomaly
- •Anomalies of the Renal Calices
- •Vascular Anomaly
- •Diffuse Changes
- •Large Kidneys
- •Small Kidneys
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Irregular Structure
- •Circumscribed Changes
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic or Isoechoic Structure
- •Complex Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •10 Adrenal Glands
- •Enlargement
- •Anechoic Structure
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Complex Echo Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •11 Urinary Tract
- •Malformations
- •Duplication Anomalies
- •Dilatations and Stenoses
- •Dilated Renal Pelvis and Ureter
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Large Bladder
- •Small Bladder
- •Altered Bladder Shape
- •Intracavitary Mass
- •Hypoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Echogenic
- •Wall Changes
- •Diffuse Wall Thickening
- •Circumscribed Wall Thickening
- •Concavities and Convexities
- •12.1 The Prostate
- •Enlarged Prostate
- •Regular
- •Irregular
- •Small Prostate
- •Regular
- •Echogenic
- •Circumscribed Lesion
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Echogenic
- •12.2 Seminal Vesicles
- •Diffuse Change
- •Hypoechoic
- •Circumscribed Change
- •Anechoic
- •Echogenic
- •Irregular
- •12.3 Testis, Epididymis
- •Diffuse Change
- •Enlargement
- •Decreased Size
- •Circumscribed Lesion
- •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
- •Irregular/Echogenic
- •Epididymal Lesion
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Intrascrotal Mass
- •Anechoic or Hypoechoic
- •Echogenic
- •13 Female Genital Tract
- •Masses
- •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
- •Uterus
- •Abnormalities of Size or Shape
- •Myometrial Changes
- •Intracavitary Changes
- •Endometrial Changes
- •Fallopian Tubes
- •Hypoechoic Mass
- •Anechoic Cystic Mass
- •Solid Echogenic or Nonhomogeneous Mass
- •14 Thyroid Gland
- •Diffuse Changes
- •Enlarged Thyroid Gland
- •Small Thyroid Gland
- •Hypoechoic Structure
- •Hyperechoic Structure
- •Circumscribed Changes
- •Anechoic
- •Hypoechoic
- •Isoechoic
- •Hyperechoic
- •Irregular
- •Differential Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism
- •Types of Autonomy
- •15 Pleura and Chest Wall
- •Chest Wall
- •Masses
- •Parietal Pleura
- •Nodular Masses
- •Diffuse Pleural Thickening
- •Pleural Effusion
- •Anechoic Effusion
- •Echogenic Effusion
- •Complex Effusion
- •16 Lung
- •Masses
- •Anechoic Masses
- •Hypoechoic Masses
- •Complex Masses
- •Index
Differential Diagnosis in
Ultrasound Imaging
2nd Edition
Guenter Schmidt, MD
Bethesda Hospital
Freudenberg, Germany
Lucas Greiner, MD
International School for Ultrasonography Wuppertal, Germany
Dieter Nuernberg, MD
Medical Clinic B
Ruppiner Hospitals GmbH
Neuruppin, Germany
2846 illustrations
Thieme
Stuttgart · New York · Delhi · Rio
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher.
This book is an authorized translation of the 3rd German edition published and copyrighted 2014 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart. Title of the German edition: Sonografische Differenzialdiagnose
New updated parts translated by Guenter Schmidt, MD, Kreuztal, Germany, Elisabeth Rahel Amorosa, Berlin, Germany, and Douglas Anderson, Hilchenbach, Germany. Original translation by Dietrich Herrmann, MD, Hameln, Germany, and Terry Telger, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
Illustrators: Christiane and Michael Solodkoff,
Neckargmünd, Germany
1st Italian edition 2003
1st Portuguese edition (Brazil) 2008 1st Spanish edition (Venezuela) 2009 1st Serbian edition 2010
1st Chinese edition 2011 1st Turkish edition 2011 2nd Italian edition 2013
1st Russian edition in preparation
© 2015 by Georg Thieme Verlag KG Thieme Publishers Stuttgart
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ISBN 978-3-13-131892-3 |
|
Also available as an e-book: |
|
eISBN 978-3-13-161582-4 |
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Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.
Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www. thieme.com on the product description page.
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iv
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
xi |
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
xii |
1 Vessels |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 |
|
1.1 Aorta, Vena Cava, |
|
1.2 Portal Vein and Its |
||
and Peripheral Vessels . . . |
3 |
Tributaries . . . 39 |
||
G. Schmidt |
|
|
C. Goerg |
|
Aorta, Arteries . . . |
5 |
|
Enlarged Lumen Diameter . . . 41 |
|
§ Anomalies and Variant Positions . . . |
5 |
§ Portal Hypertension . . . 41 |
||
§ Dilatation . |
. . 7 |
|
|
|
§ Stenosis . . . |
12 |
|
|
Intraluminal Mass . . . 48 |
§ Wall Thickening . . |
. 19 |
|
||
§ Intraluminal Mass |
22 |
|
§ Thrombosis . . . 48 |
|
|
§ Tumor 52 |
|||
§ Perivascular Mass . |
. . 25 |
|
||
Vena Cava, Veins . . |
. 29 |
|
|
|
§ Anomalies . |
. . 29 |
|
|
|
§ Dilatation . . |
. 31 |
|
|
|
§ Intraluminal Mass . |
. . 34 |
|
|
|
§ Compression, Infiltration . . . 37 |
|
|
2 Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 |
|
M.W.M. Brandt |
|
|
|
|
Diffuse Changes in Hepatic |
Localized Changes in Hepatic |
|||
Parenchyma . . . 70 |
Parenchyma . . . 86 |
|
||
§ Enlarged Liver . . . 70 |
§ Anechoic Masses . . . |
88 |
||
§ Small Liver |
. . . 76 |
§ Hypoechoic Masses . |
. . 96 |
|
§ Homogeneous Hypoechoic |
§ Isoechoic Masses . . . |
101 |
||
Texture . . . |
77 |
§ Hyperechoic Masses |
. . . 107 |
|
§ Homogeneous Hyperechoic |
§ Echogenic Masses . . |
. 114 |
||
Texture . . . |
79 |
§ Irregular Masses . . . 117 |
||
§ Regionally Inhomogeneous |
|
|
|
|
Texture . . |
. 80 |
Differential Diagnosis of Focal |
||
§ Diffuse Inhomogeneous Texture . . . 82 |
||||
|
|
Lesions . . . |
119 |
|
|
|
§ Diagnostic Methods |
. . . 119 |
|
|
|
§ Suspected Diagnosis |
. . . 121 |
Contents
v
Contents
3 Biliary Tree and Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.1 Biliary Tree . . . 127 |
3.2 Gallbladder . . . 146 |
|
L. Greiner |
C. Jakobeit |
|
Thickening of the Bile Duct |
Changes in Size . . . 148 |
|
Wall . . . 130 |
§ Large Gallbladder . . . 148 |
|
§ Localized and Diffuse . . . 130 |
§ Small/Missing Gallbladder . . . 150 |
|
Bile Duct Rarefaction . . . 132 |
Wall Changes . . . 151 |
|
§ Localized and Diffuse . . . 132 |
§ General Hypoechogenicity . . . 151 |
|
|
§ General Hyperechogenicity . . . 154 |
|
Bile Duct Dilatation and Intraductal |
§ Focal Hypoechogenicity/ |
|
Hyperechogenicity . . . 155 |
||
Pressure . . . 132 |
||
§ General Tumor . . . 156 |
||
§ Intrahepatic . . . 134 |
||
§ Focal Tumor . . . 157 |
||
§ Hilar and Prepancreatic . . . 135 |
||
|
||
§ Intrapancreatic . . . 138 |
Intraluminal Changes . . . 160 |
|
§ Papillary . . . 140 |
||
|
§ Hyperechoic . . . 160 |
|
Abnormal Intraluminal Bile Duct |
§ Hypoechoic . . . 161 |
|
|
||
Findings . . . 140 |
Nonvisualized Gallbladder . . . 163 |
|
§ Foreign Body . . . 140 |
||
|
L. Greiner |
|
Differential Diagnosis of |
§ Missing Gallbladder . . . 163 |
|
Sonographic Cholestasis . . . 142 |
||
§ Obscured Gallbladder . . . 164 |
||
§ The Seven Most Important |
||
|
||
Questions . . . 142 |
|
4 Pancreas |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 |
|
G. Schmidt, A. Holle |
|
|
|
Diffuse Pancreatic Change . . . 170 |
Dilatation of the Pancreatic |
||
§ Large Pancreas . . . |
170 |
|
Duct . . . 195 |
§ Small Pancreas . . . |
172 |
|
§ Marginal/Mild Dilatation . . . 196 |
§ Hypoechoic Texture . . . |
173 |
§ Marked Dilatation . . . 197 |
|
§ Hyperechoic Texture . . |
. 175 |
|
Focal Changes . . . 179
§ Anechoic Lesion . . . 179
§ Hypoechoic Lesion . . . 182
§ Isoechoic Lesion . . . 186
§ Hyperechoic Lesion . . . 189
§Irregular (Complex Structured) Lesion . . . 191
vi
|
|
|
|
|
|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Spleen |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 |
||
C. Goerg |
|
|
|
|
|
Nonfocal Changes of the |
Focal Changes of the Spleen . . . |
213 |
|||
Spleen . . . |
206 |
|
§ Anechoic Mass . . . 213 |
|
|
§ Diffuse Parenchymal Changes . . . 206 |
§ Hypoechoic Mass . . . |
215 |
|
||
§ Large Spleen . . . |
208 |
§ Hyperechoic Mass . . |
. 225 |
|
|
§ Small Spleen . . . |
211 |
§ Splenic Calcification . |
. . 228 |
|
6 Lymph Nodes . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 |
C. Goerg |
|
|
Peripheral Lymph Nodes . . . 241 |
Abdominal Lymph Nodes . . . 247 |
|
§ Head/Neck . . . 241 |
§ Porta Hepatis . . |
. 247 |
§ Extremities (Axilla, Groin) . . . 245 |
§ Splenic Hilum . . |
. 249 |
|
§ Mesentery (Celiac, Upper and Lower |
|
|
Mesenteric Station) . . . 251 |
|
|
§ Retroperitoneum (Para-Aortic, |
|
|
Paracaval, Aortointercaval, and |
|
|
Iliac Station) . . . |
254 |
7 Gastrointestinal Tract . . . . . . . . . |
. . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 |
||
M.W.M. Brandt |
|
|
|
|
Stomach . . . 266 |
|
Small/Large Intestine . . . |
274 |
|
§ Focal Wall Changes . |
. . 266 |
§ Focal Wall Changes . |
. . 274 |
|
§ Extended Wall Changes . . . 270 |
§ Extended Wall Changes . . |
. 282 |
||
§ Dilated Lumen . . . 272 |
§ Dilated Lumen . . . 287 |
|
||
§ Narrowed Lumen . . . |
273 |
§ Narrowed Lumen . . . |
290 |
|
8 Peritoneal Cavity |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 |
||
D. Nuernberg |
|
|
|
|
|
Diffuse Changes . . . |
298 |
Wall Structures . . . |
312 |
|
|
§ Anechoic Structure . |
. . |
300 |
§ Smooth Margin . . . |
312 |
|
§ Hypoechoic Structure . |
. . 303 |
§ Irregular Margin . . |
. 313 |
|
|
§ Hyperechoic Structure |
. . . 307 |
|
|
|
|
Localized Changes |
308 |
Differentiating Intraand |
|
||
Extraluminal GI Tract Fluid |
. . . 316 |
||||
§ Anechoic Structure . |
. . |
310 |
§ Intragastric Processes . . . 316 |
||
§ Hypoechoic Structure . |
. . 310 |
§ Intraintestinal Processes . . . |
317 |
||
§ Hyperechoic Structure |
. . . 311 |
|
|
|
Contents
vii
Contents
9 Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
319 |
G. Schmidt
Anomalies, Malformations . . . 322
§Aplasia, Hypoplasia . . . 322
§Cystic Malformation . . . 324
§Anomalies of Number, Position, or Rotation . . . 325
§Fusion Anomaly . . . 327
§Anomalies of the Renal Calices . . . 328
§Vascular Anomaly . . . 328
Diffuse Changes . . . 329
§Large Kidneys . . . 329
§Small Kidneys . . . 334
§Hypoechoic Structure . . . 337
§Hyperechoic Structure . . . 338
§Irregular Structure . . . 343
Circumscribed Changes . . . 344
§Anechoic Structure . . . 344
§Hypoechoic or Isoechoic Structure . . . 350
§Complex Structure . . . 356
§Hyperechoic Structure . . . 358
§Echogenic Structure . . . 361
10 Adrenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
365 |
D. Nuernberg |
|
Enlargement . . . 369
§ Anechoic Structure . . . 369
§ Hypoechoic Structure . . . 370
§ Complex Echo Structure . . . 374
§ Hyperechoic Structure . . . 375
11 Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
379 |
G. Schmidt
Malformations . . . 383
§Duplication Anomalies . . . 383
§Dilatations and Stenoses . . . 384
Dilated Renal Pelvis and
Ureter . . . 386
§Anechoic . . . 386
§Hypoechoic . . . 392
Renal Pelvic Mass, Ureteral Mass
. . . 394
§Hypoechoic . . . 394
§Hyperechoic . . . 395
Changes in Bladder Size or Shape . . . 398
§Large Bladder . . . 398
§Small Bladder . . . 400
§Altered Bladder Shape . . . 401
Intracavitary Mass . . . 402
§Hypoechoic . . . 402
§Hyperechoic . . . 406
§Echogenic . . . 408
Wall Changes . . . 410
§Diffuse Wall Thickening . . . 410
§Circumscribed Wall Thickening . . . 411
§Concavities and Convexities . . . 413
viii
12 Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Testis, Epididymis . . . . . . 415
G. Schmidt
12.1 The Prostate . . . |
417 |
|
12.3 Testis, Epididymis |
. . . 429 |
||||||
Enlarged Prostate |
. . . 418 |
|
Diffuse Change . . . |
430 |
|
|
||||
§ Regular . . . |
418 |
|
|
|
§ Enlargement . . . 430 |
|
|
|||
§ Irregular . . |
. |
421 |
|
|
|
§ Decreased Size . . . |
431 |
|
|
|
Small Prostate . . . |
422 |
|
|
Circumscribed Lesion . |
. . 431 |
|||||
§ Regular . . . |
422 |
|
|
|
§ Anechoic or Hypoechoic . . . |
431 |
||||
§ Echogenic . |
. |
. 423 |
|
|
|
§ Irregular/Echogenic . . . |
433 |
|
||
Circumscribed Lesion . . . |
423 |
|
Epididymal Lesion |
. . . 434 |
|
|||||
§ Anechoic . . |
. |
423 |
|
|
|
§ Anechoic . . . |
434 |
|
|
|
§ Hypoechoic . |
. . 424 |
|
|
§ Hypoechoic . |
. . 434 |
|
|
|||
§ Echogenic . |
. |
. 426 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12.2 Seminal Vesicles |
426 |
Intrascrotal Mass . |
. . 435 |
|
||||||
§ Anechoic or Hypoechoic . . . |
435 |
|||||||||
Diffuse Change . . |
. 426 |
|
|
§ Echogenic . . |
. 436 |
|
|
|
||
§ Hypoechoic . |
. . 426 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Circumscribed Change . . |
. 427 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
§ Anechoic . . |
. |
427 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
§ Echogenic . |
. |
. 428 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
§ Irregular . . |
. |
428 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 Female Genital Tract . . . |
. . . . . |
. . . |
. . . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 |
B. Beuscher-Willems
Vagina . . . 442
§Masses . . . 442
§Abnormalities of Size or Shape . . . 444
Uterus . . . 444
§Abnormalities of Size or Shape . . . 446
§Myometrial Changes . . . 447
§Intracavitary Changes . . . 451
§Endometrial Changes . . . 454
Fallopian Tubes . . . 458
§ Hypoechoic Mass . . . 458
Ovaries . . . 460
§Anechoic Cystic Mass . . . 461
§Solid Echogenic or Nonhomogeneous Mass . . . 464
14 Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
G. Schmidt
Diffuse Changes . . . |
479 |
Circumscribed Changes . . . |
489 |
||
§ Enlarged Thyroid Gland |
. . . 479 |
§ Anechoic . . . |
489 |
|
|
§ Small Thyroid Gland . . . |
483 |
§ Hypoechoic . |
. . 491 |
|
|
§ Hypoechoic Structure . . |
. 487 |
§ Isoechoic . . . |
499 |
|
|
§ Hyperechoic Structure . |
. . 489 |
§ Hyperechoic |
. . . 501 |
|
|
|
|
|
§ Irregular . . . 502 |
|
Differential Diagnosis of
Hyperthyroidism . . . 504
§ Types of Autonomy . . . 504
Contents
ix
Contents
|
|
|
|
|
. . . . .15 Pleura and Chest Wall |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 |
|||
C. Goerg |
|
|
|
|
Chest Wall |
. . . 513 |
|
Pleural Effusion . . . |
523 |
§ Masses . . . |
513 |
|
§ Anechoic Effusion . |
. . 525 |
|
|
|
§ Echogenic Effusion |
. . . 526 |
Parietal Pleura |
518 |
§ Complex Effusion . . |
. 528 |
|
|
|
|||
§ Nodular Masses . . |
. 518 |
|
|
|
§ Diffuse Pleural Thickening . . . 520 |
|
|
16 Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
531 |
C. Goerg |
|
Masses . . . 533
§ Anechoic Masses . . . 534
§ Hypoechoic Masses . . . 537
§ Complex Masses . . . 546
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
553 |
x