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- •A lexical workbook
- •A lexical workbook. Рart III of the English Reader for Sociology Students.
- •A.A. Sazhina, Ye.P. Patsibina, I.G. Kryuchkov, j.V. Rassoshenko, n.D. Starkova, e.V. Lyutikova a lexical workbook
- •Предисловие
- •Авторы разделов пособия:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English words and phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
- •Answer the following questions on the text:
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one and make your own sentences with them:
- •Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Complete the following table:
- •A) Study the meaning of the following words:
- •Make new words using the prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un- and translate them into Russian:
- •Replace the underlined words with one word ending in -ly and beginning with the given letter:
- •Translate the following into English:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English words and phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
- •Answer the following questions on the text:
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one and make your own sentences with them:
- •Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Complete the following table:
- •A) Study the meaning of the following words:
- •Complete each word either with in- or un-:
- •Form a new adjective using either -able or -ible and translate them into Russian:
- •Find the verb 'set out' (p.8) in the text. Study its meaning in the text. Translate the sentence containing this verb into Russian.
- •Match the sentences from the left column with the paraphrases from the right one:
- •Look at the following idiomatic expressions with set. What do you think they mean? Translate the sentences into Russian using a dictionary if necessary.
- •Make your own sentences with different meanings of «set» (at least 6 sentences).
- •Translate the following into English:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English words and phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
- •Answer the following questions on the text:
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one and make your own sentences with them:
- •Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Complete the following table:
- •Christendom, inevitability
- •Make new words using the prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-:
- •Form nouns from the following verbs using the suffix -ion:
- •Complete the word in each sentence by adding an appropriate prefix (in-, un-, de-, dis-, mis-, re-):
- •Find the phrase 'take it for granted' (p.13) in the text. Study its meaning in the text. Translate the sentence containing this verb into Russian.
- •Match the sentences from the left column with the paraphrases from the right one:
- •Look at the following idiomatic expressions with take. What do you think they mean? Translate the sentences into Russian using a dictionary if necessary.
- •Make your own sentences with different meanings of take (at least 6 sentences).
- •Translate the text from Russian into English:
- •Translate the following into English:
- •Give the main idea of the text. Additional exercises to all sections
- •Study the meaning of the conjunctions 'for' and 'since'. Find sentences containing 'for' and 'since' in the text (6 sentences).
- •Look at these examples. What verb does each noun come from?
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text :
- •Match the words with their definitions:
- •Make up all possible meaningful word- combinations matching the words from the left and right columns:
- •Translate the following sentences from the text. Paraphrase them:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Word- formation.
- •Compose as many meaningful words as possible using the table:
- •Translate the following sentences into English:
- •The problem of objectivity
- •Translate the following text into English Социологические исследования: ценности и оценки
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the terms with their definitions:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one to form as many word combinations as possible.
- •Translate the following sentences from the text. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the box:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text.
- •Compose as many meaningful words as possible using the table.
- •Find English definitions for the following terms in the glossary. Translate them into Russian.
- •Find Russian definitions for the following terms using the glossary. Translate them into English.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Give the main idea of the text “Steps in the Sociological method”
- •Translate the following text into Russian
- •Translate the following text into English
- •Section II.3. Populations and Samples (p.26 – p.29) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases.
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words with their definitions.
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one to form as many word- combinations as possible.
- •Translate the following sentences from the text. Paraphrase them .
- •Complete the following sentences using the text.
- •Find the prefixes in the following words and comment on their meanings.
- •Write antonyms to the following words , using the negative prefixes : de, dis, in.
- •Make up sentences of your own with the following verbs:
- •Find words with close meaning . Arrange them into pairs of synonyms.
- •Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary.
- •Conducting a survey
- •Translate the following text into English Основы выборочное обследование
- •Section II.4. Measurement (p.29 – p.32) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases.
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the terms with their definitions.
- •Form all possible meaningful word combinations matching the words from the left and the right columns.
- •Translate the following sentences from the text. Paraphrase them .
- •Complete the following sentences filling the gaps with the words from the box.
- •Compose as many meaningful words as possible using the table:
- •In the following list find the words with opposite meanings . Arrange them into pairs of antonyms :
- •Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
- •Translate the following text into English Уровни измерения
- •Exercises :
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases.
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the terms with their definitions.
- •Form the meaningful word combinations matching the words from the left column with the words from the right one.
- •Translate the following sentences from the text. Paraphrase them .
- •Complete the following sentences with the words suggested. Consult the text if necessary.
- •Form as many adjectives as possible using the following verbs and suffixes
- •Put in singular or plural verb – forms.
- •Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Inferential statistics
- •Translate the following text into English Социальная статистика
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for :
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Match the words from the left column with their synonyms on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words of opposite meaning on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words on the right. If necessary, use the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Complete the following sentences, using the text:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Match the words from the left column with their synonyms on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words of opposite meaning on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words on the right. If necessary, use the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Complete the following sentences, using the text:
- •Describe the meanings of the underlined prefixes and suffixes and translate the following words into Russian:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Match the words from the left column with their synonyms on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words of opposite meaning on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words on the right. If necessary, use the text.
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Complete the following sentences, using the text.
- •Describe the meanings of the underlined prefixes and suffixes and translate the following words into Russian:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Match the words from the left column with their synonyms on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words of opposite meaning on the right:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words on the right. If necessary, use the text.
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Complete the following sentences, using the text.
- •Describe the meanings of the underlined prefixes and suffixes and translate the following words into Russian:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Give the main idea of the text of section Exercises to the Whole Chapter III.
- •Translate into English:
- •Fill in the empty cells in the table:
- •Translate the following text into Russian:
- •Translate the following texts into English:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text:
- •Complete the sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions using the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions in the right one:
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and the right columns. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own:
- •Make your own sentences using the phrases and word combinations from Exercises 1, 6 and
- •Complete the table:
- •Section IV.2. Competition (p.54 – p.58) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and Notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentence taken from the text:
- •Complete the sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions using the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions in the right one:
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and the right column. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own:
- •Make your own sentences using the phrases from Exercises 7,
- •Complete the following table:
- •Give the main idea of the text of Section
- •Translate the following text from Russian into English:
- •Section IV.3. Conflict (p. 58 – p.61) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and Notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the following questions on the text:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text:
- •Complete the sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions using the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions in the right one:
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and the right column. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own:
- •Make your own sentences using the phrases and word combinations from exercise 7 and
- •Complete the following table:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text:
- •Complete the sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions using the text:
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and the right column. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own:
- •Make your own sentences using the words and the phrases from Exercises 1 and
- •Describe the meaning of the following prefixes and suffixes and translate the words into Russian:
- •Complete the table:
- •Give the main idea of the text of Section 4.3.
- •Translate the following text into English:
- •Section IV.5. Assimilation (p.65– p.72) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and Notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text:
- •8. Unable to share fully in the way of life of any group, he may lack deep friendships and otherwise feel cut off from his fellows.
- •One might suspect that other people may find him to be either abrasive or withdrawn.
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and the right column. Use the word combinations in sentences of your own:
- •Describe the meaning of the following prefixes and suffixes and translate the words into Russian:
- •Complete the table:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Make your own sentences using the phrases and word combinations from Exercise 1 and words from Exercise
- •Complete the table:
- •Choose the synonims from the right column for the words on the left:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian. Paraphrase them so as to make them more adjusted to your own speech without losing their meaning:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Translate the text without using a dictionary:
- •Give the main idea of the texts “Culture growth” and “Invention”. Section V.2. Diffusion and The selective addition of culture traits (p.75 – p.78) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Find pairs of verbs with close meaning:
- •Paraphrase each of the following word combinations with the help of one word:
- •Derive adverbs from the following adjectives, translate them into Russian and use them in English sentences of your own:
- •Insert prepositions (use the text):
- •Translate into Russian:
- •Complete the table:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Paraphraze the following sentences using the Complex Subject construction:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •What meaning does the suffix and prefix “en” add to the word? Use the following words to derive new ones (verbs) with this suffix or prefix and translate them into Russian:
- •Give the opposites to the following words using the following prefixes: dis, ex, un, il, im, over, under, non, mis:
- •Complete the following statements using the text:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian. Paraphrase them paying attention to the underlined word combinations:
- •Translate into English without using the text:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined words and word combinations. Paraphrase them in English.
- •Match the words from the left column with the words on the right. If necessary use the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •What meaning does the suffix “ship” add to the following words? Translate them into Russian. Use them in English sentences of your own:
- •Translate into English:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Match the words from the left column to their meaning on the right:
- •Find in the text:
- •Complete the tables:
- •Translate into English:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences. Use the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right (if necessary consult the text):
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right. Think of sentences of your own using the words of the left column:
- •Complete the following table:
- •Give the opposites to the following words:
- •Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Make up word combinations matching the words from the left and right columns:
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions on the right:
- •Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase sentences 1, 2, 3:
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions (use the text) and use the phrases in sentences of your own:
- •Complete the following table:
- •Translate into English:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for:
- •Find English equivalents for:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into Russian and paraphrase the following sentences taken from the text:
- •Complete the sentences using the text:
- •Insert prepositions (use the text) and use the phrases in sentences of your own.
- •Match the words from the left column with their definitions in the right one:
- •Form nouns, adjectives and verbals from the following verbs:
- •Translate into English:
- •Give the main idea of the text of section
- •Translate the text from English into Russian:
- •VI. Bureaucracy Section VI.1. Bureaucracy (p. 98 – p.99) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words from the left column with the words from the right:
- •Compose as many meaningful words as possible using the following stems, prefixes and suffixes:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Explain the meaning of the term in English:
- •Think of your own examples to illustrate the terms from Exercise 7 and * prepare the short descriptions of these examples.
- •Answer the following questions (*use them as material for discussion):
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Compose as many meaningful phrasal verbs as possible using the following verbs and propositions, translate them and find the one-word synonyms (if there are any):
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Make your own sentences using a) the phrases from Exercise 1, b) the words from Exercise 2, c) the words from Exercise
- •For the following words give the meanings different from those which are implied in the text:
- •Answer the following questions (* use them as material for discussion):
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Transform the following words using the suffixes from the right column and translate them (Which of the words are used in the text?):
- •Match the definitions with the following terms:
- •Complete the following sentences (using also some lexical patterns from Section 2):
- •Match the words making as many meaningful combinations as possible:
- •Make your own sentences using the words from a) the list of words; b) Exercise 1, c) Exercise
- •Answer the following questions using the material of the previous text section where necessary:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the following terms with the respective definitions:
- •Complete the following table:
- •Match the words (making as many meaningful combinations as possible):
- •Complete the following sentences, using the following propositions (see also lexical patterns in Sections 1-4):
- •Make your own sentences using the phrases from Exercise 1 and word combinations from Exercise
- •Answer the following questions using the material of the previous text section where necessary:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Make as many meaningful phrasal verbs as possible using the following verbs and propositions:
- •Match the words:
- •Transform the following words into as many meaningful derivatives as possible using the given prefixes and suffixes:
- •Make your own sentences using a) the words from Words list, b) phrases from Exercise 1, c) the phrasal verbs from Exercise
- •Answer the following questions (* use them as material for discussion):
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the words:
- •Match the words:
- •Match synonyms out of the two word lists:
- •Give the meanings of the following words which differ from those implied in the text:
- •Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase them so as to make them more adjusted to your own speech without losing their meaning:
- •Match the definitions with terms (revision):
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •A) Explain the meaning of the following terms in English (using the glossary and the information from the text):
- •Match the words, making as many meaningful pairs as possible:
- •Comment on (illustrate with your own examples; argue for / against) the following sentences:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Answer the questions, using the material of the previous text sections:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •A) Find the Russian equivalents and definitions for the following English terms:
- •Make as many meaningful words as possible, using the prefixes and suffixes from the second column:
- •Complete the following sentences (using the given words and phrases):
- •Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase them (substituting words for their synonyms if possible and adjusting the phrases to that oral speech style which is more convenient for you):
- •Answer the questions using the material of the previous text sections:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Complete the following table (using the material of the previous sections and a dictionary):
- •Match the words, making as many meaningful combinations as possible:
- •Comment on the following sentences (illustrate with examples, argue for/ against these statements):
- •A) Give the English definitions for the following terms (using the glossary) and translate them into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences (using the following words and phrases):
- •Answer the questions, using the information from the previous text section:
- •Make your own sentences a) with the words from the Words list, b) with the phrases from Exercise 1, c) with the words combinations from Exercise
- •Give the main idea of the text.
- •Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •Section VI.10. Bureaucracies as systems (p.115 – p.118) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Make as many meaningful phrasal verbs as possible, using the propositions from the second column:
- •A) Explain the meaning of the following terms in English (using the glossary where possible and a special dictionary):
- •Comment on the following sentences (provide the illustrations, argue for/ against these statements):
- •Match the definitions with terms (revision of the previous sections):
- •Answer the questions, using the information from the previous text section where necessary:
- •Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) the phrases from Exercise 1, c) the phrasal verbs from Exercise
- •Give the main idea of the text.
- •Render the sentences in English.
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases;
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •A) Find the English definitions for the following terms (using the dictionary) and translate those definitions into Russian:
- •Complete the following sentences (using the following phrases):
- •Comment on the following sentences (provide the relevant illustrations if you find it possible, argue for/ against these statements):
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •A) Give the English definitions for the following terms (using a special dictionary) and translate those definitions into Russian:
- •Fill in the blanks in the table (where possible):
- •Explain the meaning of the following terms in English:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •A) Give the English definitions for the following terms (using a special dictionary) and translate those definitions into Russian:
- •Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase them, using synonyms or syntactic constructions with a similar meaning:
- •Comment on the following sentences (provide the relevant illustrations, argue for/ against these statements):
- •Make as many meaningful phrasal verbs as possible, using the propositions in the second column, and provide the relevant translation:
- •Answer the questions (using the material of the previous text section were necessary):
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Match the following terms with the respective definitions:
- •Match the words in as many meaningful pairs as possible:
- •Translate the following sentences. Paraphrase them:
- •Comment on the following sentences (provide the relevant illustrations, argue for/ against these statements):
- •Answer the questions, using the information from the previous text section where necessary:
- •Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) the phrases from Exercise 1, c) the phrases you obtained in Exercise 2, d) the words you obtained in Exercise
- •Give the main idea of the text.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Section VII.5. Minority rule (p.149 – p.152) Words:
- •Phrases:
- •Commentaries and notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find Russian equivalents for the following English phrases:
- •Find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:
- •Answer the questions on the text:
- •Explain the meaning of the following terms in English:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Complete the following table:
- •Answer the following questions (*use them as material for discussion):
- •Make your own sentences with words from a) Exercise 1, b) Exercise 2, c) Exercise
- •Give the main idea of the text.
- •Render the following text in English.
- •Английский
- •(6 Уровней , 420 учебных часов) Продолжительность 1 уровня – 2,5 месяца.
Complete the table:
Country (noun)
Nationality (noun)
Attributive function
(adjective)
Egypt
Egyptians
Egyptian history
Asia
history
Croatia
history
Russia
history
Europe
history
America
history
India
history
China
history
Rome
history
Africa
history
England
history
Scandinavia
history
Brazil
history
Sumer
history
Mexico
history
Spain
history
Germany
history
Persia
history
Italy
history
Abyssinia
history
Complete the following sentences using the text:
Culture has grown through … .
In order for diffusion to operate on … , there must be … ways of life.
As the culture base … and as societies become … , the large-scale … .
It is not true that culture is … , simply … anything that … .
According to Ralth Linton shaving is a masochistic rite which … either Sumer or ancient Egypt.
Culture … with the passage of time and its growth tends … .
Various groups of young adults around the country are … an ideology of … .
The existing culture base largely … will be added.
The tendency … integration influences whether … in the culture will become … it.
Paraphraze the following sentences using the Complex Subject construction:
It seems that the existing culture base largely determines what new traits of culture will be added.
It appears that most of the content of modern cultures was gained through the process of diffusion.
It seems that this masochistic rite was derived from either Sumer or ancient Egypt.
It is unlikely that the idea of communal living and equal sharing will become part of the American way of life.
It is known that culture has grow through a combination of the process of invention and diffusion.
It is supposed that cultures grown randomly and unselectively.
It was expected that some groups of American young adults would espouse an ideology of selflessness and sharing.
Translate from English into Russian the definitions of the term “diffusion” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definition of the term “диффузия”. Compare the two definitions and comment on them.
Give the main idea of the texts “Diffusion” and “The selective addition of culture traits”.
Section V.3. Definition of culture and Material culture and nonmaterial culture (p.78 – p.80)
Words:
to differentiate
to conceive
to focuse
to convey
to encourage
to estimate
to exclude
to argue
to trace
to own
to compose
precise(ly)
vague
frequently
specific
beliefs
artifacts
attitude
nevertheless
Phrases:
material and nonmaterial culture
a vast store of learned behaviour
learned behaviour patterns
to encourage fuller understanding
to some degree
in a very strict sense
on the same grounds
to view sociologically
refinement of material artifacts
to trace the development of culture
human experience
literate societies
a major causal factor
to take some position
all-embracing concept
interrelated habit system
by now
at least
in turn
in short
rather than
as we conceive of it
sooner or later
Commentaries and notes:
synoptic definition – сжатое определение.
to be part of – быть составной частью чего-то в отличие от “a part of” – являться какой-то частью чего-то.
disentwine: to entwine = сплетничать, обвивать; dis – префикс, придает слову отрицательное значение, указывает на разделение, отделение на составные части.
formal (definition) – зд. официально принятый, официальный.
the resulting material artifacts – получающиеся в результате (усвоенного поведения) материальные артефакты.
Выражения “in turn”, “in short”, “not strangely” etc., отделенные запятой в начале предложения, являются вводными словами и переводятся соответственно “в свою очередь”, “короче говоря” и “не удивительно что …”.
,as such, – вводное слово “как таковые”.
Neither can they be shared among the member of the society – инверсия, вызванная вынесением в начало предложения слова “neither”, указывающего на повторное отрицание (первое отрицание высказано в предыдущем предложении “… should not be included …”).
specific – здесь и в большинстве случаев в социологических текстах имеет значение “конкретный”.
precise – точный, конкретный (Ex. Can you be a bit more precise).
a major causal factor – главный причинный (обуславливающий) фактор.
increasingly – является определением к глаголу или прилагательному и переводится “все больше и больше, все чаще и чаще” и т.д. (Ex. Her job has become increasingly difficult. – Ее работа становилась все труднее и труднее. Increasingly, people are retiring younger. – Все чаще люди уходят на пенсию в более молодом возрасте). Adjectives frequently used with “increasingly”: common, competitive, difficult, important, popular, concerned.
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