1. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1. Culture grows in two ways: through ... and...

2. Neanderthal man discovered that bones...

3. To sociologists an invention is...

4. Any one date that might be established as the beginning of human culture...

5. For hundreds of thousands of years, the growth of culture accured chiefly through ... and it was...

10. Translate from English into Russian the definitions of the terms “culture” and “way of life” given in the “Glossary” and from Russian into English the definitions of “культура” and “образ жизни”. Compare the definitions and comment on them.

11. Translate the text without using a dictionary:

When a group of people establish a way of life in which there are generally accepted modes of conduct and beliefs their behaviour and morality is described as their culture.

A culture will include speech, dress, food and general behaviour; but, perhaps more importantly, it will include thought process.

A country will generally share a cultural pattern and so we may refer to the British culture or French culture but there will usually be differences between the behaviour and beliefs of groups within any single country based on such facts as class, age or ethnic background. In Britain it has been usual to distinguish between “working class” and “middle class” cultures, although such a distinction is now becoming progressively blurred.

The term “community” is sometimes used to describe all the people that share a similar culture, but it usually refers to a closer sense of identification between individuals in terms of cooperation and a sense of belonging. For most practical purposes it is better to think in terms of a community as sharing a territory well known to all its members whether this is a monastery or a set of city streets and to distinguish this social grouping from a culture.

A community implies shared needs in terms of such factors as schools, safe roads, housing and protection; there is therefore a need for cooperation.

A common culture is one way in which such cooperation is ensured, although different cultures within a society may bring variety and colour to our lives, provided that there are certain shared values to prevent disorder.

12. Give the main idea of the texts “Culture growth” and “Invention”. Section V.2. Diffusion and The selective addition of culture traits (p.75 – p.78) Words:

to accumulate

to modify

to transmit

to derive (from)

to domesticate

to borrow

to confront

to remove

to proceed = to continue to happen

to tie

to absorb

to consume

to determine

to embrace = to include/cover

to incorporate

to discard

to integrate

to select

to share

to perceive

to promote

to secure

to acquire

to award

to require

to reflect

forerunner

incompatible

characters

Phrases:

to occupy a dominant place

to elaborate distinctive ways of life

in contrast to

to build smth. on a pattern

to cut to a pattern

to operate on a substantial scale

to be in contact with one another

to provide an illustration

to glance through the window

to expand the culture base

to accumulate culture

to tend to grow selectively

to grow randomly

to reflect the fact (that)

to encrease exponentially

to espouse an ideology

large-scale diffusion of traits

with the passage of time

substantial borrowings

borrowed elements

a garment = a piece of clothing/a dress

at random

communal living

equal sharing

is anything but new

this is not to say

basic values (of American society)