4. A) Find the English definitions for the following terms (using the dictionary) and translate those definitions into Russian:

monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, full citizen, minority

2. Find the Russian definitions for the following terms (using the dictionary) and translate those definitions into English:

монархия, тирания, аристократия, олигархия, полноправный гражданин, меньшинство

3. Compare the results you obtained in part (a) and (b).

5. The following words can function as different parts of speech and sentence, without changing their form. What the functions can these words perform in different contexts? Give examples in English and provide the relevant translation.

question, claim, gain, take, set, regard, look, back, mind

6. Complete the following sentences (using the following phrases):

to be accepted for publication, to set out smth., to reply to the question, to enter into reasons, to regard smth. as smth., to be at the back of one's mind, to be invested with powers, to arrive at decision.

1. Congratulations! I heard that your book has been... .....

2. The meeting has already been going for two hours, but they have not... .. any ... yet.

3. I could not guess what was... .. ... her ... when she made that claim.

4. We did what we did, and there is no time now to... .. our ... here.

5. I did not .... his plan ... a good alternative to my suggestion.

6. We understood that he was... .. such ... as to make us agree with his decision.

7. The article... .. the main principles of the theory.

1. Comment on the following sentences (provide the relevant illustrations if you find it possible, argue for/ against these statements):

1. According to Plato, democracy did not have two forms. For the many always formed a rabble, and so democracy was distorted in the itself.

2. It is hard, if not impossible, to construct a constitution that safeguards against mistakes made by a democratic vote.

3. Popper does believe in freedom and reason, but he does not think that one can construct a simple, practical and fruitful theory in these terms. They are too abstract and too prone to be misused; and nothing whatever can be gained by their definition.

1. Answer the questions:

1. What are the reasons for K. Popper to avoid words like "rule", "reason", and "freedom" in his theory?

2. What was the main principle of Plato's classification of governments?

3. What was the difference between the Athenian practice of government and Plato's theory of government?

4. Describe the nature of the institution of ostracism.

1. Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) phrases from Exercise 1, c) words you obtained in Exercise 5 (using their different meanings in different contexts).

2. Give the main idea of the text.

Section VII.2. «The (in my opinion vicious) principle of legitimacy ...» (p.143 – p.144)

Words:

dictatorship

generation (ch. 3, # 1¹¹)

legitimacy

adult population (see "population" - ch. 2, # 9)

majority vote

legitimation

monotheism

vicious

rival(s)

Christianity

to proclaim smth.

Phrases:

parliamentary power

to be dominated by

to see smth. as smth.

to be the opponent of smth.

to rule through legitimate representatives

to be challenged by smth.

violation of legitimacy

a gradual strengthening of power

from then on

to conceive of smth.

to misconceive of smth.

to lead to catastrophe

to become urgent

to play a great part in smth.

the rule of the people

in practice

dubious legitimacy

to be dubious about smth.

to be created by the will of smb.

in the name of freedom

spiritual powers

worldly powers

to free oneself from smth.

to sympathize with smth./ smb. (?)

answer to the question

to get away from