6. Explain the meaning of the following terms in English:

legitimacy, adult population, majority vote, monotheism

7. Complete the following sentences:

spiritual and worldly powers, in the name of freedom, to be challenged by, bloodshed, opponent of, to play a great part, to free oneself from, to become urgent, to lead to catastrophe, from then on

1. In K. Popper's opinion, the principle of legitimacy has... .. ... in European history.

2. With the decline of the Roman empire, the problem of legitimacy... .. for the emperors.

3. The new concept of legitimacy was adopted by Constantine and,... .. ..., became the cause of the tensions between... .. ... in Europe.

4. I saw that he could not... .. ... his friend's influence and I was not sure he really wanted to.

5. He was surprised to find an advocate of dictatorship in the country where so many people died... ..... .. .

6. She found it difficult to sympathize with the person who participated in such a...

7. In his speech made after the resignation, the minister warned against such policy and stated that it would... .....

8. The new government was considered to be rather stable, but now this stability was seriously... .. the changing political situation.

9. This member of Parliament is known as a strong... .. the new governmental policy.

1. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What is the difference between the factor that gave legitimacy to Caesars before Diocletian and the factor that gave legitimacy to them after Diocletian, as a result of his reforms?

2. Why did monotheism seem to Constantine a more preferable source of legitimacy?

3. What is one of the strongest reasons for founding the idea of democracy upon the practical principle of avoiding tyranny?

4. "<...> A popular vote may be wrongheaded, even in the most important matters. <...> Decisions arrived at democratically, and even the powers conveyed upon a government by a democratic vote, may be wrong" (pp. 141-142). Which significant historic events of the XX century could these statements imply?

5. Which detail of Marx's biography, in Popper's opinion, evidently provides some explanation for Marx being dominated by the old Platonic problem? Do you think, this detail can be important, in those circumstances?

1. Make your own sentences with a) the words from the Words list, b) phrases from Exercise 1, c) words from Exercise

2. Give the main idea of the text.

Section VII.3. A more realistic theory (p.144 – p.146)

Words:

constitutional provisions

qualified majority/ unqualified majority

so-called

uncivil

emphatically

bloodshed

paradox(es)

jokingly

to avoid smth.

to remove smth.

to abandon smth.

Phrases:

to constitute a state

to get rid of smth.

the bloodless dismissal of government

in theory

to persuade smb. of smth.

civil servants

ultimate ruler

to make smb. accountable for smth.

to amend constitutional provisions

to change constitutional provisions

to be essential

to put the problem

to cause harm

to make a bad use of smth.

to provide for a change

Commentaries and notes:

Winston Churchill - (1874 - 1965), direct descendant of John Churchill, 1^st Duke of Malborough, the hero of wars against Louis XIV of France in the early 18^th century. Father: Lord Randolf Churchill. Mother: Jennie Jerome, the daughter of a New York financier. Graduated Harrow and later the Royal Military College (now Academy, Sandhurst). Had a speech defect, which he never wholly lost, and excelled in the set speech, on which he always spent enormous pains. Served as a soldier and a journalist in British army in Cuba, India, North and South Africa. Member of Parliament (1900-1904, the Conservative party; 1906, the Liberal party). Undersecretary of the state for the colonies (1906-1908). The President of the Board of trade (1908). In 1908 married Clementine Hozier. Home secretary (1911-1915). After resignation served as lieutenant colonel of British army in France (1915-1917). Minister of munitions (1917-1919). Secretary of war (1919-1921). Served in the Colonial Office (1921-1922). Chancellor of the Exchequer (1924-1929). After the fall of the conservative government, Ch. remained on politics, but was kept away from civil service by several governments. In 1936-39 he accorded the overwhelming priority to the containment of German aggressiveness. The government ignored all such persuasions. On Sept. 3, 1939, the day of British declaration of war on Germany Ch. was appointed to the post in charge of Admiralty. The Prime Minister and the Secretary of defence (1940-1945). The Prime Minister (1951-1955). In 1953 he received the Order of Garter and the Nobel Prize for Literature.

For ¹ they all adopt | what is the simplest solution to the new problem... ²| (p. 143) - 1) союз (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции"), 2) дополнение к сказуемому "adopt", выраженное придаточным предложением (adopt what? - см. "Эмфатические конструкции").

... that it is ¹ the people ¹ ... who ¹ are ², or should ³ by rights be ³, the real... rulers⁴. (p. 143-144) - 1) эмфаза подлежащего (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции"), 2) первое сказуемое, 3) второе сказуемое, 4) именная часть, общая для первого и второго сказуемых.

...democracy ¹|, imperfect though it is ⁴ |, is worth ² fighting for and... worth ³ dying for. (p. 145) - 1) подлежащее, 2) первое сказуемое, 3) второе сказуемое, 4) инверсия сказуемого в придаточном предложении (см. Грамматика: раздел "Эмфатические конструкции").