- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary english - ukrainian
beyond
a reasonable doubt charge
close
of the evidence
conjecture
evaluate
framework
impartially
inference
investigation
заключне звернення судді до присяжних
закінчення наведення доказів
припущення
оцінювати
рамки
неупереджено
умовивід
розслідування
jury instructions
legal rules ordeal
perform duties
permit
properly
prosecution
put opinion aside
recur
regard
regardless of the consequences
render verdict
request
retain
single out
speculate
standard of proof
standardized
statement
surmise
sway
swear
виділяти (з-посеред інших) виконувати обов’язки виносити вердикт відкидати думку
гадати (без достатнього обґрунтування) дозволяти
закінчення наведення доказів заключне звернення судці до присяжних заява
інструктаж журі (напутні слова судді
присяжним)
клопотання
критерій доведеності
мати вплив
належним чином
незважаючи на наслідки
неупереджено
оцінювати
пам’ятати
повторюватися
поза обґрунтованим сумнівом
правові норми
припущення
рамки
робити припущення (без достатнього
обґрунтування)
розглядати
розслідування
складати присягу
стандартизований
судове переслідування
тяжке випробування
умовивід інструктаж журі (напутні слова судді
присяжним)
правові норми
тяжке випробування
виконувати обов’язки
дозволяти
належним чином
судове переслідування
відкидати думку
повторюватися
розглядати
незважаючи на наслідки виносити вердикт клопотання пам’ятати
виділяти (з-посеред інших)
робити припущення (без достатнього
обґрунтування)
критерій доведеності
стандартизований
заява
гадати (без достатнього обґрунтування) мати вплив складати присягу
- ENGLISH
single out perform duties render verdict put opinion aside surmise permit
close of the evidence
charge
statement
jury instructions
request
standard of proof
sway
properly
regardless of the consequences
impartially
evaluate
retain
recur
beyond a reasonable doubt
legal rules
conjecture
framework
speculate
regard
investigation
swear
standardized
prosecution
ordeal
inference
Work in pairs. In the text below find the words that correspond to the definitions given in the box.
A. leave for; B. discussing; C. person who presides over a jury; D. be in charge of; E. announce; F. law officer who makes sure that the decisions of a court are obeyed; G. official report of the proceedings in a court (2); H. answer; I. suitable;
J. voted for by all; K. placed under house arrest; L. isolated; M. deadlocked;
N. trial that ends without a verdict; O. following.
After receiving the instructions and hearing the final arguments, the jury retires to the jury room to begin deliberating. In most states the first order of business is to elect one of the jurors as the foreperson or presiding juror. This person’s role is to preside over discussions and votes of the jurors, and often to deliver the verdict. The bailiffs job is to ensure that no one communicates with the jury during deliberations. In some states, the jury may take the exhibits introduced into the record and the judge’s instructions to the jury room. Sometimes the jury will have a question about the evidence or the judge’s instructions. If this happens, the jury will give a note to the bailiff to take to the judge. The judge may respond to the note, or may call the jury back into the courtroom for further instructions or to have portions of the transcript read to them. Of course, any communication between the judge and jury should be in the presence of lawyers for each side or with their knowledge. Usually the court provides the jury with written forms of all possible verdicts, so that when a decision is reached, the jury has only to choose the proper verdict form. In most instances, the verdict in a criminal case must be unanimous. In some states a less than unanimous decision is permitted in civil cases. All federal cases require a unanimous decision. If the jury cannot come to a decision by the end of the day, the jurors may be sequestered, or housed in a hotel and secluded from all contact with other people, newspapers and news reports. In most cases, though, the jury will be allowed to go home at night. The judge will instruct jurors not to read or view reports of the case in the news. Nor should they consider or discuss the case while outside of the jury room. If the jurors cannot agree on a verdict, a hung jury results, leading to a mistrial. The case is not decided, and it may be tried again at a later date before a new jury. Or the plaintiff or government may decide not to pursue the case further and there will be no subsequent trial.
Substitute the italicized words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in activity 1.
After the closing arguments, the judge directs the jurors to leave for the jury room for discussing the case and reaching a verdict. They may be allowed to take a copy of the official report of the proceedings in a court with them. The law officer who makes sure that the decisions of a court are obeyed takes custody of the jury. The jurors select a person that presides over a jury who is in charge of the discussion and who will announce the verdict if any. Then the jury decides the charges, one by one. If the jurors have any questions, they may make a request to the judge who may answer orally or in writing. The court provides forms of all possible verdicts, so the jury has just to choose the suitable verdict form. Sometimes the jury’s deliberations go on for several days, and the judge may order the jury to be placed under house arrest at a local hotel, isolated from other people and the media. In a criminal trial, a verdict must be voted for by all jurors. If the jurors cannot reach a decision, this is called a’ deadlocked jury’, and the judge declares a trial that ends without a verdict, which may result in the following new trial with another jury.
Verdict means ‘true declaration’. A true declaration is a verdict
based only on the (1) presented by the parties and the
rules of law laid down by the (2). The jury’s verdict
is usually final. When the members of the jury reach a decision,
they return to the (3) and their verdict is announced
in open (4), often by the jury foreman. At this time
j either the prosecutor or the defense ' (5) often asks
that the jury be polled - that is, that each (6) be
asked individually if the general verdict actually reflects his or her own opinion. The purpose is
to determine whether each juror supports the (7) or whether he or she is just
yielding to group pressure. After the verdict is (8), or the jury is polled, the jury is
dismissed. If the jury’s verdict is ‘not guilty’, the (9) is discharged on the spot and
is free to leave the courtroom. The (10) is over. If it is a (11) verdict,
the judge may continue bail or incarcerate the defendant while awaiting the presentence report: a
(12) prepared by a probation officer on the defendant’s background and
(13), which will be used in determining sentence. If the jury becomes
and cannot reach a verdict, it may report that fact to the judge. In such an event the judge
may insist that the jury continue its effort to reach a (15). Or, if the judge is
convinced that the jury is hopelessly deadlocked, he or she may (16) the jury and call
for a new trial. Research indicates that most juries dealing with (17) cases make their
decisions quite quickly. Almost all juries take a vote after they (18) to their room to
see how divided, or united, they are. In thirty percent of the (19) it takes only one
vote to reach a (20) decision. In ninety percent of the remainder, the majority on the
first ballot eventually wins out. Hung juries - those in which no (21) can be reached
- tend to occur only when a large minority existed on the first (22).
Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations related to the verdict from the text.
Verdict; true declaration; solely; rules of law; final; reach a decision; courtroom; open court; jury foreman; prosecutor; defence attorney; jury should be polled; individually; reflect one’s opinion; support the overall verdict; cave in to group pressure; dismiss; defendant; discharge on the spot; trial; guilty verdict; bail; incarcerate the defendant; presentence report; probation officer; defendant’s
background and record; determine sentence; become deadlocked; report; insist; be convinced; call for a new trial; juries dealing with criminal cases; fairly; take a vote; retire to the room; unanimous decision; majority on the first ballot eventually wins out; hung juries; occur; minority.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1 and 3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about jury deliberations and verdict.
JURY’S DELIBERATION ** | |
When do the jurors retire to the jury room? |
|
What is the role of the jury’s foreperson? |
|
What is the bailiffs function during deliberation? |
|
How do the jury communicate with the judge during their deliberation? |
|
What are the requirements to verdicts in different types of cases? |
|
What may happen if the jury cannot come to a decision by the end of the day? |
|
What is a ‘hung jury’ and what are its consequences? |
|
VERDICT | |
What is a ‘true declaration’? |
|
How is a verdict announced? |
|
What is ‘jury’s poll’ and what is its function? |
|
What happens after the ‘not guilty’ verdict? |
|
What happens after the ‘guilty’ verdict? |
|
What happens if the jury becomes deadlocked? |
|
What happens in 30% of the cases? |
|
What happens in 90% of the cases? |
|
What is a typical feature of hung juries? |
|
Choose the best form of the modal verbs in the brackets.
Where he have seen this defendant? (can /may)
The jury failed to reach a verdict by the end of the day, so they be staying at
the hotel, (can /must)
Shut the door. Witnesses hear what the judge is saying, (mustn’t /don’t
have to)
There is little time left. You have got all the exhibits here, (shouldn’t /mustn’t)
There were many things to do, so the judge work there all the day. (had
to/should)
-What are the jurors talking about?
-They be arguing about their verdict, (may /should)
The judge is not responding to the note. He have got it yet. (mustn’t /can’t)
On the whole there was less said than have been expected at the trial.
(should /might)
-Where is the key? It’s an exhibit.
-You have lost it. (should /must)
-I have lost it. (can’t /mustn’t)
I have left it in the pocket of my coat, (may / should)
It’s three o’clock. The jury have made their choice, (may /need)
Write a survey report on the jury deliberations and verdict in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Після інструктажу судді присяжні йдуть до своєї кімнати для узгодження вердикту. У більшості штатів перш за все обирають голову журі, який головує під час обговорень і голосувань присяжних. Судовий пристав, перебуваючи за межами кімнати, слідкує, аби ніхто не заходив туди чи не виходив з неї. У деяких штатах присяжним дозволяють брати із собою речові докази, занесені до протоколу, а також інструкції судді. Іноді у присяжних виникають питання щодо доказів чи інструкцій журі, і тоді голова журі дає судовому приставу записку, аби той передав її судді. Суддя може написати відповідь, запросити журі до залу суду для нових інструкцій або ж розпорядитися, аби присяжним зачитали певні фрагменти протоколу судового слухання. Будь-яке спілкування між суддею і присяжними має відбуватися у присутності адвокатів кожної сторони або з їх відома.
Інколи засідання присяжних може тривати кілька днів. У таких випадках присяжним можуть дозволити піти на ніч додому або ж на них накладають «домашній арешт», тобто поселяють у готелі під охороною. У будь-якому випадку присяжним забороняється розголошувати матеріали справи.
Зазвичай суд видає присяжним бланки з усіма можливими вердиктами у справі. У цивільних справах вердикт вважається ухваленим, якщо за нього проголосували принаймні три чверті складу журі. У кримінальній справі вердикт має бути одностайним. Інколи присяжні заходять у глухий кут, будучи не здатними подолати розбіжності. Якщо таке трапляється, то кажуть, що склад присяжних не дійшов спільної думки, й оголошується новий судовий розгляд справи з іншим складом присяжних.
Коли необхідна кількість присяжних погоджується з певним вердиктом, вони підписують відповідний бланк і повертаються до залу суду. Засідання суду поновлюється й голова присяжних або судовий секретар оголошують вердикт. Кожна із сторін може вимагати провести підрахунок голосів присяжних (кожного присяжного запитують особисто, чи погоджується він з вердиктом). Після оголошення вердикту або підрахунку голосів присяжних журі розпускається. Судовий розгляд закінчується.
Дослідження показують, що у кримінальних справах журі найчастіше виносять рішення достатньо швидко. У більшості випадків присяжні проводять попереднє голосування одразу після того, як збираються в кімнаті для нарад. У тридцяти відсотках випадків для одностайного рішення бракує лише одного голосу. У дев’яноста відсотках решти випадків одноголосного рішення зрештою добивається більшість, що визначилася під час першого голосування. Випадки, коли присяжні не змогли винести вердикт, трапляються лише тоді, коли під час першого голосування голоси розділилися відносно порівну.