- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
What are white collar crimes generally?
What is the FBI’s definition of white collar crimes?
What kinds of transactions are white collar crimes involved in?
What is the aim of white collar crimes?
What is the estimated damage caused by white collar crimes?
Who presents charges in the prosecution of white collar crimes?
Why are white collar crimes difficult to investigate?
What kinds of penalties may be imposed for white collar crimes?
Work in pairs. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.
Stand out; non-violent act; Federal Bureau of Investigation; illegal act; deceit; concealment; violation of trust; application or threat of physical force or violence; transaction; antitrust violation; computer fraud; credit card misuse; bankruptcy appeal; healthcare benefit; violation of environmental laws; insurance payments; tax evasion; financial misappropriations; insider trading in stocks and shares; bribery; currency counterfeiting; embezzlement of funds; thefts of trade secrets; false advertising; gain advantage; it is estimated to cost; annually; federal offense; law enforcement; IRS; US Customs; Secret Service; track down; tough proposition; drug business; money laundering; economic necessity; fine; house arrest; community confinement; imprisonment.
Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in in exercise 4, tell your partner everything you know about ‘white collar crimes’.
Read the text on cvbercrime and fill in the table below.
Л One of the fastest-growing criminal activities on the planet
Па. today becomes cybercrime. It covers a huge range of illegal ^ activity including financial scams, computer hacking, virus
\ \ /s. 11 attack, stalking by e-mail and creating websites that promote
г-
< \ \ / 8^ racial hatred. Computer crime
can broadly be defined as
\ I \ \ criminal activity involving an information technology
Пjffls infrastructure, including illegal access, illegal interception,
л у*т data interference, systems interference, misuse of devices
and electronic fraud. Accurate statistics on the extent of this phenomenon have proven to be elusive because of the difficulty in adequately defining computer crimes. The aggregate annual losses to businesses and governments are estimated to be in the billions of dollars. Cyber-crimes are frequently grouped into three categories. The first is ‘hacking’ into someone's computer for the purpose of stealing by taking complete control over the information contained within, or gaining control over someone's computer in an effort to sabotage information or mess up the
flow of information or crash the server. The second category involves criminals that use computers as ways to keep up with illegal contacts, such as drug dealers. A person who steals identities may use the computer to store stolen passwords, credit card info, and other sensitive information in furtherance of an illegal act. The other way in which criminals utilize the computer to further illegal acts is through the act of communication. E-mail accounts on a computer can be used to set up any number of unlawful acts. A terrible threat facing people of the online community is cyber ‘stalking’, when one uses the Internet to harass, follow or put the victim in fear for their lives. It brings to light the crime of cyber stalking, the need to fortify current laws so as to better protect potential victims, and what laws that exist today can do to help stop this rapidly expanding problem.
CYBERCRIME | |
What types of illegal activity are included in cybercrime? |
|
What is the general definition of computer crime? |
|
Why is it difficult to obtain statistics on the extent of computer crime? |
|
What is the estimated damage caused by cybercrime? |
|
What are the three categories of cybercrime? |
|
What is ‘hacking’? |
|
What is the ‘use computers to keep up with illegal contacts’? |
|
What is ‘cyber stalking’? |
|
Cybercrime; financial scams; computer hacking; virus attack; stalking by e-mail; promote racial hatred; information technology infrastructure; illegal access; illegal interception; data interference;
I *4 —I- I systems interference; misuse of devices; electronic fraud; accurate
statistics; extent of this phenomenon; aggregate annual losses; gain control over someone’s computer; sabotage information; mess up the flow of information; crash the server; illegal contacts; drug dealers; steal identities; store stolen passwords; credit card info; sensitive information; furtherance of an illegal act; utilize the computer; unlawful act; online community; cyber stalking; harass; follow the victim; put the victim in fear for their lives; fortify current laws; protect potential victims; rapidly expanding problem.
Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in in exercise 7, tell your partner everything you know about ‘cybercrime’.
Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0), (00) and (000) at the beginning.
(0). He said, "Be careful!"
He said to be careful.
(00). She said, "Don't cross the street!" She ordered not to cross the street.
(000) He said, "Let's leave at once."
He suggested leaving at once.
She said, "Don't enter illegal contracts!"
He said, "Let's use the Internet carefully!"
We said," Read and learn this regulation."
She said, "Don't violate the municipal ordinance on building and housing!'
We said, "Let's speak about computer frauds."
He said, "Write a report on the embezzlement of funds."
They said, "Don't place us under arrest!"
She said, "Let's help the police identify the criminal."
We said, "Study statistics on the extent of cyber crime."
He said, "Define white collar crimes as a legal term."
Translate into English
Крім правопорушень, що визначаються законом штату, існує багато інших, які визначаються муніципальними постановами. Невиконання норми, постанови органу місцевої влади, положень або зобов’язань називається порушенням. У юридичному значенні цього терміна порушення (закону, постанови тощо) є злочином, що переслідується у порядку сумарного провадження (одним суддею без участі журі), або незначним правопорушенням, що є менш серйозним, ніж місдимінор. Іноді це правопорушення називається незначним правопорушенням і є синонімом терміну порушення регулятивного документа, порушення постанови органу соціального забезпечення або суперечність (закону). Повноваженнями викликати особу до суду за здійснення незначного правопорушення наділені представники адміністративних органів влади. Проведення судового розслідування зазвичай вважається недоцільним. У США головною ознакою розгляду порушення постанов, зобов’язань, угоди тощо є те, що накладене покарання рідко має форму тюремного ув’язнення або втрати цивільних прав. Стандартним покаранням є штраф, хоча іноді можливе й застосування інших регулятивних дій (наприклад, скасування ліцензії чи дозволу), або наказ виправити чи полегшити ситуацію. До порушень правил, постанов, зобов’язань тощо належать: необережна поведінка пішохода, викидання сміття на вулиці у недозволеному місці, порушення муніципальних кодексів, що стосуються будівництва та житла, порушення громадського порядку, фальсифікація інформації. На сьогоднішній день у багатьох юрисдикціях незначні порушення правил дорожнього руху виключені із числа кримінально караних і класифікуються як порушення постанов, правил тощо. Крім того, чимало юрисдикцій також визнають порушеннями правил або муніципальних постанов
здійснені вперше порушення чужого права володіння, дрібну крадіжку, протизаконну поведінку, зберігання марихуани. Таким чином обвинувачений може уникнути заведення на нього кримінальної справи, що могло б поставити під ризик його майбутнє. Особливо це стосується ситуацій, коли обвинувачений отримує виклик до суду замість арешту. Але, якщо така особа скоїть злочин повторно, то класифікація попередньо скоєного незначного правопорушення як порушення правила, постанови тощо буде вважатися обтяжувальною обставиною, що ймовірно спричинить ув’язнення обвинуваченого.