- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
ENGLISH - UKRAINIAN
aggravating amicable agreement arresting authority ascertain assume
bring to criminal responsibility
cancel
cassation procedure
conduct
court ruling
damages
default
deny a charge detain
discontinue draft an indictment
drop a case elimination
enforcement of judgment
evidence
examination of a case execution formal charges grounds
handle down the verdict implementation inquest body interrogatory body juvenile delinquency mitigating natural person notify який обтяжує мирова угода
орган влади, що накладає арешт встановлювати (факти тощо) припускати
притягати до суду (у кримінальній
справі)
скасовувати
касаційна процедура
проводити (заходи тощо)
постанова суду
відшкодування збитків
неявка (на суд)
відкидати обвинувачення
затримувати (для з’ясування суті
справи)
припинятися
укладати обвинувальний висновок
закривати справу
усунення
примусове виконання судового
рішення
докази
розгляд справи
виконання (доручення тощо)
офіційні обвинувачення
підстава (для прийняття рішення тощо)
виносити вирок
проведення (реформ тощо)
орган дізнання
орган дізнання
злочинність неповнолітніх
пом ’ якшувальний
фізична особа
повідомляти
передати справу покарання фізична особа попереднє розслідування попереднє судове слідство запобіжні заходи апеляційна процедура продовжувати переглядати (справу тощо) відмовлятися обмежувальний переглядати (справу тощо) заява
pass
a case penalty
physical
person
preliminary
investigation
pretrial
investigation
preventive
measure
procedure
in appeal
proceed
reconsider
refuse
restrictive
review
statement
submit
to
undertake
UKRAINIAN - ENGLISH
апеляційна процедура вживати (заходів тощо) виконання (доручення тощо) виносити вирок відкидати обвинувачення відмовлятися відшкодування збитків встановлювати (факти тощо) докази
закривати справу запобіжні заходи
затримувати (для з’ясування суті справи) заява
злочинність неповнолітніх касаційна процедура мирова угода неявка (на суд) обмежувальний
орган влади, що накладає арешт
орган дізнання
офіційні обвинувачення
переглядати (справу тощо)
передавати (справу тощо)
підстава (для прийняття рішення тощо)
повідомляти
покарання
пом’якшувальний
попереднє розслідування
постанова суду
примусове виконання судового рішення
припинятися
припускати
притягати до суду (у кримінальній справі)
проведення (реформ тощо)
проводити (заходи тощо)
продовжувати
розгляд справи
скасовувати
укладати обвинувальний висновок
усунення
фізична особа
який обтяжує procedure in appeal
undertake
execution
handle down the verdict
deny a charge
refuse
damages
ascertain
evidence
drop a case
preventive measure
detain
statement
juvenile delinquency
cassation procedure
amicable agreement
default
restrictive
arresting authority
inquest body; interrogatory body
formal charges
reconsider; review
submit; pass (a case)
grounds
notify
penalty
mitigating
preliminary investigation; pretrial investigation court ruling
enforcement of judgment
discontinue
assume
bring to criminal responsibility
implementation
conduct
proceed
examination of a case cancel
draft an indictment elimination
natural person; physical person aggravating
module з і
THE TIMES OF TRIAL
NEVER |UDSE А ЦЮ6Е BV NIS PIGMENTS
Work in pairs. In the text below find the words that correspond to the definitions given in the box.
not involved in a particular situation, and able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice; B. system in which two sides oppose and attack each other; C. judge; D. something you have to do as part of your job or duty; E. to make an official legal judgment F. person or group who are involved in a legal argument; G. information given in a court of law to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty; H. competing or arguing against each other; I. trying to find out more about things related to a particular case; J. the first in a list of people or things just mentioned; K. influence; L. the last in a list of people or things just mentioned; M. judging how good etc something is; N. classifying; O. wish; P. happening before something that is more important.
All legal systems want to have a decision-making process that is impartial and fully- informed. Supporters of an adversary system believe that this is best achieved (1) where the decision-maker is neutral and passive, and has only the responsibility of deciding the case; (2) the parties themselves develop and present the evidence and arguments on which the decision will be based; (3) the proceeding is concentrated, uninterrupted and designed to emphasize the collision of opposing evidence and arguments presented by the parties; and (4) the parties have equal opportunities to present and argue their cases to the decision-maker. The main principle of the adversary system is the separation of the active function of investigating and collecting evidence from the more passive function of considering the evidence and deciding the case. The theory behind the need for this separation is the belief that the former function negatively affects the latter: decision-makers who gather the evidence lose their impartiality because of their active investigatory role in the case. The problem is the natural human tendency to judge too quickly the things which are not yet fully known. We all have a natural want to bring order to chaos by evaluating and categorizing information as we hear it. But decision-makers are under special pressure to do so, because they must decide the case. The result is a strong inclination in the decision-maker early on — while the information is still being gathered — to start theorizing about what the evidence means. Even passive decision-makers may start preliminary theorizing. But decision-makers who actively investigate cannot avoid doing so. An investigator cannot possibly determine what questions to ask or what direction to take the investigation in without first evaluating the meaning of the information that is already known.
Complete the following sentences with the words you have found in Activity 1.
A trial is an (1) process, it is a contest between opponents. The parties present evidence
and witnesses. The judge has to (2) the case: he is a (3), and his function is
to control the contest as an (4) referee and to rule on questions of law. The jury’s
(5) is to decide questions of fact. The fact that a trial is a contest dictates the order in
which its events proceed. First, the burden of proof falls on the complaining party - the plaintiff in a
civil case, or the state in a criminal case. The complaining (6) must first establish that
party’s case against the defendant. If the (7) fails to establish a case, there is nothing for
the (8) to refute. The parties may conduct their own (9) of any facts which
could be used as (10) evidence in their contest with the opponent. Such investigation
may be carried out both at the (11) and advanced stages of the trial. The steps of a trial,
beginning with the attorneys’ opening and closing statements and up to the instructions by the judge
to the jury, are intended to help the jury (12) the information in a proper way. The jury
consists of common people (not lawyers) who have a natural (13) to (14)
too quickly the things which are not yet fully known. Such early theorizing about what the evidence means may (15) the jury’s decision.
Listen to the text on the trial procedure in US courts and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.
The main steps in a (1) include: selection of a (2); opening statements
by the (3); presentation of (4) and (5) (the complaining
always goes first, and the (7) next); (8) statements by the attorneys;
(9) by the (10) to the jury; and deliberation and (11) by the jury.
A trial is an (12) proceeding, that is, a (13) between (14).
Each party presents (15) and argument. The judge's function is to (16) the
contest as a neutral (17) and to rule on questions of (18). The jury's
(19) is to decide questions of (20).
Burden and Degree of Proof. The fact that a (21) is a contest dictates the
in which its events proceed. The initial (23) falls on the (24) party -
the plaintiff in a (25) case, or the state in a (26) case. The complaining
(27) must first (28) that party's case. If the complaining party fails to
establish a (29), there is nothing for the (30) to refute.
Different kinds of (31) require different degrees of (32). In most civil
(33), the winner is the party whose (34) is supported by the preponderance
of the (35). This means that the decision must be given to the (36) whose
favorable (37) carries greater weight and believability, even if the evidence is only a
little more (38) and (39) than the evidence favoring the other
(40). (41) who want an injunction or other extraordinary remedy have a heavier
(42) of proof. They must (43) their case by clear and convincing (44).
In a (45) case, the (46) must prove the (47) 's guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. This means that even if a preponderance of the (48) favors the
state, and even if the state's evidence is (49), the decision must be awarded to the
defendant if a __ (50) doubt of the defendant's guilt remains.
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the trial procedure from the text.
Attorney; selection of a jury; opening statements; presentation of witnesses; presentation of evidence; complaining party; defense; closing statements; instructions by the judge to the jury; deliberation; decision by the jury; adversary proceeding; contest; opponents; present arguments; to control the
contest; neutral referee; to rule on questions of law; jury; questions of fact; burden of proof; degree of proof; events proceed; initial burden; burden falls; plaintiff; civil case; criminal case; establish the case; defendant; to refute; preponderance of the evidence; favorable evidence; carry greater weight; believability; a little more weighty and believable evidence; evidence favors the other party;
injunction; extraordinary remedy; clear and convincing evidence; prove the defendant's guilt; beyond
a reasonable doubt; the decision must be awarded to the defendant.
Work in pairs. Use the texts in activities 1-3 to fill in the blanks below.
HE LETTER . 1
OF THE LAW 1
PREFACE 8
MODULE 1 14
THE SHIP OF STATE NEVER SLOWS DOWN IN A FOG 14
LESSON 1. GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN BY THE COUNTRY IT KEEPS 14
LESSON 2 A SUCCESSFUL EXECUTIVE DELEGATES ALL RESPONSIBILITY 67
MODULE 2 186
THE RULE OF LAW 186
LESSON 1. THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND 186
module з і 361
THE TIMES OF TRIAL 361
LESSON 2. EVIDENCE IS NOT ALWAYS PROOF 382
LESSON 3. EXPERT’S REPUTATION IS RASED ON WNAT OTHERS DO NOT KNOW 403
LESSON 4. OUR DECISION IS ‘MAYBE’ - AND THAT’S FINAL 426
TIME IS MONEY, BUT NOT IN JAIL 465
LESSON 1. OFFENSIVE MATERIALS 465
0. A trial is opened by the selection of a jury.
N |
Object of the Action |
Action |
Subject of the Action |
0 |
trial |
open |
selection of a jury |
1 |
selection of a jury |
follow |
attorneys’ opening statements |
2 |
trial |
continued |
presentation of witnesses |
3 |
presentation of witnesses |
combine |
presentation of evidence |
4 |
defense’s presentation |
precede |
complaining party’s presentation |
5 |
trial |
prolong |
attorneys’ closing statements |
6 |
attorneys’ closing statements |
follow |
judge’s instructions to the jury |
7 |
decision by the jury |
precede |
jury’s deliberation |
8 |
evidence and argument |
present |
parties |
9 |
contest between opponents. |
control |
judge |
10 |
questions of law |
rule |
judge |
11 |
questions of fact |
decide |
jury |
12 |
order of events |
dictate |
nature of a trial as a contest |
13 |
case |
establish |
complaining party |
14 |
complaining party’s case |
refute |
defendant |
15 |
different degrees of proof |
require |
different kinds of cases |
16 |
winning party’s position |
support |
preponderance of the evidence |
17 |
decision in a civil case |
give |
party with clear and convincing evidence |
18 |
injunction |
connect |
heavier burden of proof |
19 |
injunction cases |
support |
clear and convincing evidence |
20 |
guilt in a criminal case |
prove |
state beyond a reasonable doubt |
21 |
otherwise decision |
award |
defendant |
Write an opinion essay on the main principles of a trial in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Opinion Essays in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Будь-які правові системи спрямовані на прийняття неупереджених і остаточних рішень. Прибічники змагальної системи вважають, що для досягнення такої мети необхідно забезпечити низку умов. По-перше, суддя має займати неупереджену та нейтральну позицію і відповідати тільки за прийняття рішення у справі. По-друге, сторони у суперечці мають самі розробляти докази й аргументи, на яких у подальшому ґрунтується рішення. По- третє, судова процедура грунтується переважно на зіткненні протилежних доказів і аргументів, поданих сторонами. Нарешті, сторони повинні мати однакові можливості представляти докази, аргументи та свідків, а також обговорювати свої справи із суддею.
Таким чином, судовий процес - це змагальна процедура, тобто змагання між сторонами. Кожна сторона подає докази та аргументи. Суддя наглядає за змагальним процесом як незалежний арбітр та вирішує питання права. Функцією журі є вирішення спору про факти.
Основними етапами судового процесу є: добір присяжних, попередні виступи адвокатів сторін; виклик свідків та подання доказів (позивач у цивільній справі або прокурор (представник держави) у кримінальному процесі завжди виступають першими, потім виступає захист); прикінцеві аргументи адвокатів; напутні слова судді присяжним; нарада присяжних та вердикт журі.
Той факт, що судовий процес є змаганням, зумовлює порядок його проведення. Спочатку тягар доведення лягає на заявника - позивача у цивільній справі або державу у кримінальній справі. Сторона-заявник повинна спочатку обґрунтувати справу. Якщо заявникові не вдасться зробити цього, захисту немає чого спростовувати.
Різні справи вимагають різного ступеня доказовості. У більшості цивільних справ виграє та сторона, яка подає переконливіші докази. Це означає, що перевага надається тій стороні, чиї докази є вагомішими та правдоподібнішими, навіть коли їх вагомість та правдоподібність лише незначною мірою переважає докази іншої сторони. До позивачів, які намагаються домогтися судової заборони або будь-якого іншого засобу судового захисту, ставляться жорсткіші вимоги щодо вагомості та переконливості доказів. Сторони повинні обґрунтувати справу чіткими та переконливими доказами.
У кримінальній справі держава повинна довести вину підсудного поза всякими сумнівами. Це означає, що навіть за наявності переконливіших доказів на користь держави перевага може надаватися підсудному, якщо залишаються обґрунтовані сумніви щодо його вини.