- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
ENGLISH - UKRAINIAN
admissibility
of exhibits authentication be subject to best evidence rule birth
certificate cause of action certified copy check
commercial
label contents
documentary
evidence
duplicate
e-mail
execution
of a document
exhibit
forgery
genuine
handwriting
have
personal knowledge identify
immaterial
evidence
inaccuracy
invoice
вимога представлення найкращих доказів свідоцтво про народження підстава для пред’явлення позову засвідчена копія чек
торговий знак зміст
документальні докази дублікат
електронний лист оформлення документа речовий доказ підробка
справжній (непідроблений) почерк
знати особисто упізнавати
доказ, що не має суттєвого значення для
справи
неточність
рахунок-фактура
law of evidence |
доказове право |
lay a foundation |
обгрунтувати (допустимість доказів) |
machinery |
устаткування |
medium |
засіб |
mislead |
завести на хибний шлях |
motion picture |
фільм |
murder scene |
місце вбивства |
negative |
негатив |
periodical |
періодичне видання |
physical evidence |
речовий доказ |
probative value |
доказова сила |
promissory note |
боргове зобов’язання |
property |
властивість |
public record |
документ публічного характеру |
purported author |
гаданий автор |
reasonable juror |
розумно мислячий присяжний |
recording |
запис |
relevance |
релевантність |
require |
вимагати |
rule of evidence |
норми доказового права |
run a red light |
проїхати на червоне світло |
seal |
печатка |
self-authenticating |
такий, що не потребує засвідчення |
stab |
вдарити (гострою зброєю) |
tape recording |
магнітофонний запис |
tax fraud |
податкове шахрайство |
writing |
документ, викладений у письмовій формі |
X- ray |
рентгенівський знімок |
UKRAINIAN |
- ENGLISH |
боргове зобов’язання |
promissory note |
вдарити (гострою зброєю) |
stab |
вимагати |
require |
вимога представлення найкращих доказів |
best evidence rule |
властивість |
property |
встановлення автентичності |
authentication |
гаданий автор |
purported author |
доказ, що не має суттєвого значення для справи |
immaterial evidence |
доказова сила |
probative value |
доказове право |
law of evidence |
документ публічного характеру |
public record |
документ, викладений у письмовій формі |
writing |
документальні докази |
documentary evidence |
допустимість доказів |
admissibility of exhibits |
дублікат |
duplicate |
електронний лист |
|
завести на хибний шлях |
mislead |
запис |
recording |
засвідчена копія |
certified copy |
засіб |
medium |
зміст |
contents |
знати особисто |
have personal knowledge |
магнітофонний запис |
tape recording |
місце вбивства |
murder scene |
негатив |
negative |
неточність |
inaccuracy |
норми доказового права
обґрунтувати (допустимість доказів)
оформлення документа
періодичне видання
печатка
підлягати
підробка
підстава для пред’явлення позову
податкове шахрайство
почерк
проїхати на червоне світло рахунок-фактура релевантність рентгенівський знімок речовий доказ
розумно мислячий присяжний
свідоцтво про народження
справжній (непідроблений)
такий, що не потребує засвідчення
торговий знак
упізнавати
устаткування
фільм
чек rule of evidence
lay a foundation
execution of a document
periodical
seal
be subject to forgery
cause of action tax fraud handwriting run a red light invoice relevance X- ray
exhibit; physical evidence reasonable juror birth certificate genuine
self-authenticating commercial label identify machinery motion picture check
LESSON 4. OUR DECISION IS ‘MAYBE’ - AND THAT’S FINAL
Work in pairs. In the text below find the words that correspond to the definitions given in the box.
A. closing argument; B. legal adviser conducting a case; C. repeat; D. person or body responsible for deciding a case; E. importance; D. believable; E. discussion of the case by the jury before the verdict; F. usual; G. shocking; H. very important; I. statement which gives reasons why the accusation is untrue; J. made shorter; K. refrain from using a right to; L. confirm;
M. trustworthiness; N. strongly encourage; O. prevent; P. transfer; Q. responsibility;
R. providing evidence; S. indicate something in an indirect way.
A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party's counsel (often called an attorney in the United States) reiterating the important arguments for the Trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case. A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence. Trial lawyers put great emphasis on their closing argument because it is their last chance to be persuasive before the judge or jury begins deliberations. A closing argument may not contain any new information and may only use evidence introduced at trial. It is not customary to raise objections during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve appellate issues.
The plaintiff is generally entitled to open the argument. The defendant usually goes second. The plaintiff or prosecution is usually then permitted a final rebuttal argument. In some jurisdictions, however, this form is condensed, and the prosecution or plaintiff goes second, after the defense, with no rebuttals. Either party may waive their opportunity to present a closing argument.
During closing arguments, counsels may not (among other restrictions) vouch for the credibility of witnesses, indicate their personal opinions of the case, comment on the absence of evidence that they themselves have caused to be excluded, or attempt to exhort the jury to irrational, emotional behavior.
In a criminal law case, the prosecution will restate all the evidence which helps prove each element of the offence. In the USA, there are often several limitations as to what the prosecution may or may not say, including precluding the prosecution from using a defendant’s exercise of his Fifth Amendment right to silence as evidence of guilt. One of the most important restrictions on prosecutors, however, is against shifting the burden of proof, or implying that the defense must put on evidence or somehow prove the innocence of the defendant.
Substitute the italicized words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in activity 1.
In the majority of cases it is usual that the closing arguments precede the judge’s instructions to the jury. Closing arguments are very important because if the legal adviser conducting a case is believable, s/he can influence the person or body responsible for deciding a case, especially the jury’s discussion of the case before the verdict. For the defense attorney, the closing argument is of great importance, as it gives a chance to repeat the testimony and to present a statement which gives reasons why the accusation is untrue. Objections during closing arguments may be raised only in the case of one of the attorney’s shocking behavior. The procedure of the closing argument presentation may sometimes be made shorter if one of the attorneys refrains from using his/her right to it. There are some important restrictions on what the counsels may do during their closing arguments. They may not confirm the witnesses ’ trustworthiness or strongly encourage the jury’s emotional behavior. The law also prevents the prosecution from any illegal actions, specifically it forbids to transfer responsibility of providing evidence from prosecution to defendant or to indicate such transfer in an indirect way.
The lawyers’ closing arguments or (1) discuss the evidence
and properly drawn (2). The lawyers cannot talk about issues
outside the (3) or about evidence that was not presented. The
judge usually indicates to the lawyers before (4) begin which
instructions he or she intends to give the (5). In their closing
arguments the lawyers can comment on the jury instructions and relate
them to the (6). The lawyer for the (7) usually goes
first. The prosecutor sums up and comments on the evidence in the most
(8) light for his or her side, showing how it proved what he or
she had to prove to prevail in the case. After the (9) has made its
case, the (10) then presents its closing arguments. The defense lawyer usually answers
(11) made in the government’s argument, points out (12) in their case and
(13) the facts favorable to his/her (14). Because the government has the
(15), the lawyer for that side is then entitled to make a concluding argument,
sometimes called a (16). This is a chance to respond to the defendant’s points and
make one final (17) to the jury. The government can present rebuttal witnesses or
evidence to (18) evidence presented by the defendant. This may include only evidence
not presented in the case initially, or a new witness who (19) the defendant's
witnesses. Occasionally the defense may choose to waive a closing statement. In this case, the
government (20) to make a second argument. Closing arguments and rebuttals vary in
(23). Summations lasting an hour or more are (24). Depending on
the (25) of a case, the entire summation period may last several days, particularly in
(26) where numerous witnesses and difficult scientific evidence have been presented.
Ultimately, the length of a closing argument is left to the (27) of the judge, who may
(28) a time limit.
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to closing arguments from the text.
Summations; properly drawn inferences; issues outside the case; indicate to the lawyers; intend to do something; relate instructions to the evidence; in the most favorable light; prevail, make one’s case; point out defects in someone’s case; have the burden of proof; be entitled; rebuttal; make one final appeal to the jury; refute evidence, contradict a witness; to make a second argument; vary in duration; the entire summation period; jury trials; ultimately; be left to the discretion of the judge; impose a time limit.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1 and 3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about closing arguments at the trial.
’ ,4,;',. CLOSING ARGUMENTS IN GENERAL :r3ftFV» ' | |
What is a closing argument? |
|
When does a closing argument take place? |
|
Why is a closing argument important? |
|
Can objections be raised during closing arguments? Why? |
|
What is a condensed form of closing arguments? |
|
Things the counsels may not do during closing arguments |
|
Things the prosecution may not do during closing arguments |
|
ftfj | |
What do the lawyers discuss in their closing arguments? |
|
What does the judge do before the closing arguments? |
|
What does the prosecutor discuss in his closing argument? |
|
What does the defense lawyer discuss in his closing argument? |
|
What does the prosecutor discuss in his rebuttal? |
|
How can the prosecutor lose the right to make a second argument? |
|
How long may the closing arguments last? Why? |
| |
Work in pairs. Rephrase the following sentences using modal verbs or their equivalents. There is an example at the beginning (0).
0. During closing arguments, it is forbidden for counsels to indicate their personal opinions of the case.
Purine closing arguments, counsels may not indicate their personal opinions of the case.
The government is allowed to present rebuttal witnesses or evidence to refute evidence presented by the defendant.
The defense counsel did a wrong thing when she waived her opportunity to present a closing argument.
It is impossible that summations have been lasting for several days.
suggest that we present a new witness who contradicts the defendant's witnesses.
It is not necessary for the defense to prove the innocence of the defendant.
It is certain that in his closing argument the prosecutor has commented on the jury instructions and related them to the evidence.
The defense counsel succeeded in pointing out essential defects in the government’s case.
Perhaps the length of a closing argument will be left to the discretion of the judge.
The prosecution is not allowed to use a defendant's exercise of his Fifth Amendment right to silence as evidence of guilt.
Write a survey report on the closing arguments in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
У більшості юрисдикцій заключні промови обвинувача й захисника виголошуються ще до того, як суддя проінструктує журі. Заключні промови є дуже важливими, бо вдала промова може суттєво вплинути на результат наради присяжних, яка починається одразу після заключних промов. Як для обвинувача, так і для захисника заключна промова дає можливість ще раз оглянути показання свідків та речові докази, що розглядалися під час судового слухання, а також аргументувати бажані висновки присяжних. Вважається, що заключні промови мають носити дискусійний доказовий характер, а отже, адвокати сторін зазвичай апелюють до здорового глузду, піддають сумніву мотиви й надійність небажаних свідків, звертаються до журі з емоційними закликами.
Першим зазвичай виступає адвокат з боку держави. Після обґрунтування своєї позиції обвинувачем захисник виступає з власною заключною промовою, намагаючись
поставити під сумнів заяви протилежної сторони, вказуючи на недоліки її позиції та підсумовуючи факти на користь свого підзахисного.
Оскільки тягар доведення покладений на державу, обвинувачеві надається право навести остаточні зустрічні аргументи. Це дозволяє відповісти на аргументи захисту й ще раз, востаннє, звернутися до присяжних. Аби поставити під сумнів аргументи відповідача, державі дозволяється наводити лише ті докази, які досі не подавалися, та викликати тільки тих нових свідків, свідчення яких суперечать змісту заключної промови захисника. Сторона захисту може відмовитися від заключної промови. У такому випадку держава втрачає право на наведення зустрічних аргументів.
Існують певні важливі обмеження, що стосуються змісту заключних промов. Хоча адвокату дозволяється енергійно наводити аргументи на користь того чи іншого висновку, неетичним вважається обстоювання своєї особистої думки стосовно вини або невинності відповідача. Так, не дозволяються заяви про обґрунтований сумнів щодо вини підзахисного, однак заяви про обґрунтований сумнів щодо доказів, представлених у суді, можуть бути доречними. Інше обмеження стосується рішення відповідача про відмову від свідчення. Якщо відповідач приймає таке рішення, обвинувач не може у своїй заключній промові коментувати цей факт і не може наполягати на тому, що мовчання відповідача свідчить про його вину.