- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
admission
of evidence advocacy
anticipated
answer applicable authenticity bring out codified
compound
question content trial objections demonstrative evidence documentary
evidence enlightenment essentially evidentiary disputes exclude
testimony Federal Rules of Evidence form trial objections hearsay
immaterial
evidence inadmissible evidence
прийняття доказів адвокатська діяльність передбачувана відповідь застосовний автентичність
розкривати (інформацію тощо) систематизований
запитання, що складається з кількох
заперечення до змісту
наочні докази
документальні свідчення
з’ясовування
по суті
спори щодо доказового боку справи вилучити докази або показання свідка Федеральні норми доказового права заперечення до форми свідчення зі слів третьої особи неістотні докази
неприпустимі докази (свідчення)
incompetent evidence introduce evidence invoke
irrelevant evidence judge’s ruling make a ruling objection offer of proof overrule an objection remedy reword
ruling out the question specific reason speculation submit
substantive evidence sustain an objection testimonial evidence withdraw
автентичність
адвокатська діяльність
виключення запитання (з розгляду)
вилучити (докази, показання свідка тощо)
вимагати застосування
відхиляти заперечення
доказ, що не має відношення до справи
докази, які мають відношення до суті справи
документальні свідчення
з’ясовування
заперечення
заперечення до змісту
заперечення до форми
запитання, що складається з кількох
засіб судового захисту
застосовний
конкретний привід
наочні докази
неістотні докази
неправоздатні докази (свідчення) неприпустимі докази (свідчення) оголошувати постанову або рішення суду передбачувана відповідь перефразовувати підтримувати заперечення по суті
подавати докази (свідчення) подавати на розгляд показання свідка постанова (рішення) судді прийняття доказів
пропозиція подавати докази (свідчення)
розкривати (інформацію тощо)
розмірковування
свідчення зі слів третьої особи
систематизований
спори щодо доказового боку справи
Федеральні норми доказового права неправоздатні докази (свідчення)
подавати докази (свідчення)
вимагати застосування
доказ, що не має відношення до справи
постанова (рішення) судді
оголошувати постанову або рішення суду
заперечення
пропозиція подавати докази (свідчення) відхиляти заперечення засіб судового захисту перефразовувати
виключення запитання (з розгляду) конкретний привід розмірковування подавати на розгляд
докази, які мають відношення до суті справи підтримувати заперечення показання свідка вилучати
- ENGLISH
authenticity
advocacy
ruling out the question withdraw; exclude (testimony etc) invoke
overrule an objection irrelevant evidence substantive evidence documentary evidence enlightenment objection
content trial objections form trial objections compound question remedy applicable specific reason demonstrative evidence immaterial evidence incompetent evidence inadmissible evidence make a ruling anticipated answer reword
sustain an objection essentially introduce evidence submit
testimonial evidence judge’s ruling admission of evidence offer of proof bring out speculation hearsay codified
evidentiary disputes Federal Rules of Evidence
Work in pairs. In the text below find the words that correspond to the definitions given in the box.
A. object produced in a court as evidence; B. most important; C. thing; D. written promise to pay a specific sum of money; E. list of goods/services provided and the sum to be paid;
document with instructions what to do after one’s death; G. means of mass communication; H. things included in something; I. push a knife into one’s body; J. observer;
K. reason; L. must go through; M. proving that something is true; N. carrying out; O. person's particular style of writing; P. trademark of a company; Q. printed matter published at regular intervals; R. officially confirmed; S. earliest, from which copies may be made.
Besides witnesses, exhibits are the other principal form of evidence in a trial. The four main types of exhibits are real objects (guns, blood, machinery), items used for demonstration (diagrams, models, maps), writings (contracts, promissory notes, checks, letters), and records (private business and public records). Documentary evidence is any evidence introduced at a trial in the form of documents. Although this term is often understood to mean only writings on paper (such as an invoice, a contract or a will), the term actually include any media by which information can be preserved. Photographs, tape recordings, films and printed e-mails are all forms of documentary evidence.
A piece of evidence is not documentary evidence if it is presented for some purpose other than the examination of the contents of the document. For example, if a blood-covered letter is presented only to show that the defendant stabbed the author of the letter when he was writing it, then the evidence is physical evidence, not documentary evidence. However, a film of the murder taking place would be documentary evidence (just as a written description of the event from an eyewitness). If the content of that same letter is then introduced to show the motive for the murder, then the evidence would be both physical and documentary.
Documentary evidence is subject to specific forms of authentication, usually through the testimony of an eyewitness to the execution of the document, or the testimony of a witness able to identify the handwriting of the supposed author. There are several documents which have generally been considered to be self-authenticating documents. These include commercial labels, newspapers and other periodicals, official publications, certified copies of public records and some others. Documentary evidence is also subject to the best evidence rule, which requires that when writings or recordings are introduced as evidence in a trial, the original writing or recording must be produced as the ‘best evidence’.
Substitute the italicized words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in Activity 1.
Proving that something is true is the process by which objects produced in a court as evidence, that is most important things in a trial, such as written promises to pay specific sums of money, lists of goods/services provided and the sums to be paid, documents with instructions what to do after one’s death, must go through the requirements of the best evidence rule, according to which the documentary evidence should be presented in its earliest form, from which copies may be made, and it should also be officially confirmed. However, some kinds of documents are considered to be self-authenticating, such as company trademarks, printed matter published at regular intervals, or things generally included into their products by other means of mass communication. When presenting handwritten evidence, such as personal letters, the rules of evidence may require an observer who could confirm not only the person’s particular style of writing, but also the fact of that person’s actual carrying out of the document, as well as the reason for doing it.
Listen to the text on exhibits and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.
As with witness testimony, the admissibility of exhibits is governed
(2) judge. One important benchmark of
admissibility is relevance. Federal Rules of Evidence state, in part,
‘All relevant evidence is (3), except as otherwise
provided.’ The goal of this rule is to allow parties to
(4) all the evidence that bears on the
(5) to be decided, and to keep out all evidence that is
immaterial or lacks probative value. Evidence offered to help prove
something that is not at issue is (6). For example, the
fact that a defendant attends church every week is immaterial, and
thus (7), to a charge of running a red light. Probative (8) is a tendency
to make the existence of any material fact more or less probable. For instance, evidence that a
murder (9) ate spaghetti on the day of the murder would normally be
(10) because people who eat spaghetti are not more or less likely to
(11) murder compared with other people. However, if spaghetti sauce was found
at the (12) scene, the fact that the defendant ate spaghetti that day would have
probative value and would thus be (13) evidence. Evidence is not relevant unless
its (14) can be demonstrated. A letter in which the defendant admits her guilt in a
tax fraud trial is inadmissible unless the (15) can first show that the defendant
actually wrote it. Bloodstained clothing is (16) without some connection to the
issues of the (17), such as evidence that the clothing belonged to the
_(18) murderer. The process of linking a piece of evidence to a case — of
authenticating or identifying the _(19) — is frequently called laying a foundation.
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a (20) is sufficient if a reasonable juror
would find it more probably true than not true that the evidence is what the (21)
offering it claims it to be. To provide foundation, the party offering the (22) need
only establish that the item is what it says to be. The most basic way to lay an evidentiary
foundation is to demonstrate that a (23) has personal knowledge. For example, the
witness may (24) that he wrote the letter, or saw the (25) sign the
contract, or found the bullet in the kitchen. When the evidence is an object, the witness must
testify that the object introduced at the (26) is in substantially the same condition
as it was when it was witnessed.
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the law of evidence from the text.
Witness testimony, admissibility of exhibits, rules of evidence, discretion of the trial judge, bear on the issue, immaterial, probative value, charge of running a red light, murder defendant, commit murder, murder scene, authenticity, admit one’s guilt, tax fraud trial, reasonable juror, lay a foundation, witness has personal knowledge, sign the contract, found the bullet, substantially the same condition.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1 and 3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about presenting exhibits at the trial.
- *т“Т PRESENTATION OF EXHIBITS v "и , Ї “ ' | |
The four main types of exhibits |
|
Examples of real objects |
|
Examples of demonstration items |
|
Examples of writings |
|
What does documentary evidence include? |
|
Difference between documentary and physical evidence |
|
How is documentary evidence authentication carried out? |
|
What are self-authenticating documents? |
|
< 'йш-«ж*' 4 • им*# , i&-.~ > j v» » ^V^.4^^vrr-.PRESENTATI0N0FEXHIBITS AND RULES OF EVIDENCE * | |
What is the goal of the rule: "All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided?" |
|
What is the connection between evidence relevancy and authenticity? |
|
What is the most basic way to provide foundation? |
|
Write a survey report on the main principles of presenting exhibits at a trial in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Однією з головних форм доказів, крім показань свідків, є речові докази. Вони поділяються на чотири головних типи: реальні предмети (вогнепальна зброя, кров, устаткування), наочні засоби (діаграми, моделі, карти місцевості), документи у письмовій формі (договори, боргові зобов’язання, чеки, листи), документи публічного характеру. Документальні докази - це будь-які матеріали, подані в судовому розгляді у формі документів. Разом з документами на паперових носіях (наприклад, рахунок-фактура,
договір або заповіт) цим терміном також позначають будь-який засіб, за допомогою якого можна зберегти інформацію. Фотографії, магнітофонні записи, фільми й надруковані електронні листи - це форми документальних доказів. Документальні докази підлягають процедурі встановлення автентичності, зазвичай через свідчення очевидця, оформлення документа або за допомогою показання свідка, здатного підтвердити почерк гаданого автора. Деякі види документів не потребують засвідчення автентичності, наприклад торгові знаки, газети та інші періодичні видання, офіційні публікації, засвідчені копії документів публічного характеру, такі як свідоцтво про народження, документи, іцо мають офіційну печатку органу влади, і деякі інші.
Допустимість речових доказів визначається нормами доказового права й виноситься на розсуд судді в судовому слуханні. Одним із важливих критеріїв допустимості доказів є їх релевантність. Сторони мають подати всі докази, що стосуються питання, яке необхідно вирішити, й уникати доказів, що є несуттєвими або тих, що не мають достатньої доказової сили. Доказ не є релевантним, якщо його автентичність не може бути підтверджена. Лист, у якому відповідач визнає свою вину, в судовому розгляді справи про податкове шахрайство є недопустимим, якщо обвинувачення не доведе спочатку, що його дійсно написав відповідач. Пов’язування доказу зі справою - встановлення автентичності або упізнання - часто називається обґрунтуванням допустимості доказів. Обґрунтування є достатнім, якщо розумно налаштований присяжний з більшою вірогідністю вважав би доказ істинним, а не хибним. Головним способом обґрунтування допустимості доказів є демонстрація обізнаності свідка. Наприклад, свідок може дати показання, що він написав листа, або бачив, як позивач підписав контракт, або знайшов кулю на кухні. Коли доказ є предметом, свідок має засвідчити, що предмет, представлений у судовому розгляді, є в тому ж самому стані, як і тоді, коли він його бачив.