- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Showing surprise
It’s (rather) surprising/amazing/astonishing that... I am/was(very) surprised that... What a surprise!... How strange/odd/astonishing that...! Wasn’t it extraordinary that...? Surprisingly/strangely/incredibly,... Really! I’d no idea. That’s a surprise. That’s amazing. That’s funny. That’s incredible!
In the English system of justice the defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden of proof is on the prosecution. This means that the prosecution must prove to the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty, while the defendant is under no obligation to prove anything. If this proof is not achieved, a ‘not guilty’ verdict must be returned by the magistrates in the magistrates’ court or by the jury in the Crown Court. ^ In Scotland, there is an additional possible verdict of ‘not proven’ to those of ‘guilty’ and ‘not guilty’. The prosecution and defence of an accused person are still generally carried out by solicitors in the magistrates’ court and by barristers in the Crown Court, although it is possible to defend oneself. An English trial is therefore an adversarial contest between defence and prosecution. Each side can collect and present their own evidence and call witnesses in support of their case, and attack their opponent’s by cross- examination. The rules of evidence and procedure which accompany this contest are complicated and must be strictly observed. The accused may remain silent throughout the trial, need not give evidence, and the right to silence does not imply guilt. The judge in the Crown Court and the magistrates in the Magistrates’ court perform several functions. He or she directs the jury on the law, decides questions as to the admissibility of evidence, determines sentences if the accused is found guilty, and generally referees the proceedings. After the prosecution and the defence have concluded their cases, the magistrates in their court decide both the verdict and the sentence. In the Crown Court, it is the jury that delivers the verdict and the judge who pronounces the sentence.
Translate into English
Держава переслідує у криминальному порядку осіб, які звинувачуються у скоєнні злочину. Поліція розслідує злочини і може затримувати підозрюваних та брати їх під варту. Якщо поліція вирішує, що правопорушника необхідно переслідувати в судовому порядку, справа (документи) відсилається до королівської служби кримінального переслідування (КСКП). КСКП повинна розглянути, чи є достатньо доказів для
засудження (визнання винним за судом) і, якщо так, чи є засудження в інтересах суспільства. Кримінальне судочинство може бути розпочато або врученням судової повістки, яка пояснює зміст злочину і вимагає від обвинуваченого з’явитися у суді, або у більш серйозних (важких) справах - врученням ордера на арешт, виданим магістратським судом. Характер та зміст обвинувачення визначає, де саме буде проводитися розгляд справи: у магістратському суді або в Суді корони. Адвокати королівської служби кримінального переслідування можуть діяти як державні обвинувачі.
Англійська система правосуддя є змагальною: це означає, що кожна сторона збирає і пред’являє свої власні докази й оскаржує свідчення своїх опонентів через перехресне опитування. У розгляді кримінальної справи тягар доведення лежить на стороні обвинувачення, яка повинна довести вину обвинуваченого поза будь-яким обгрунтованим сумнівом. Клопотання про передання на поруки особи, яка звинувачується або знаходиться під арештом за скоєння злочину, може бути задоволено, й особа тимчасово звільнюється з-під варти до того часу, коли необхідно буде з’явитися в суді для розгляду справи. Однак у задоволенні клопотання про передання на поруки може бути відмовлено, коли є підстави вважати, що обвинувачений не з’явиться в суді у визначений час або скоїть злочин. У такому випадку особу будуть тримати під вартою або у в’язниці.