- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
ENGLISH - UKRAINIAN
adverse inference |
висновок на користь протилежної сторони |
afford |
дозволяти (собі) |
argue for |
аргументувати |
argumentative |
доказовий |
assert one’s opinion |
обстоювати свою думку |
attempt |
спроба |
burden of proof |
тягар доведення |
closing argument |
заключна промова (адвоката сторони) |
common sense |
здоровий глузд |
complexity |
складність |
condensed |
стислий |
contradict |
суперечити |
counsel |
адвокат |
customary |
звичайний |
deliberation |
нарада присяжних |
draw inferences |
робити висновки |
duration |
тривалість |
egregious |
кричущий |
emphasis |
наголос |
entire |
повний (увесь) |
exhort |
спонукати |
impact |
вплив |
imply |
натякати |
impose |
накладати (обов’язки тощо) |
indicate |
вказувати |
inference |
висновок |
intend |
мати намір |
limitation |
обмеження |
make one’s case |
обґрунтувати свою версію справи |
occur |
траплятися |
persuasive |
переконливий |
plea |
прохання |
precede |
|
передувати | |
preclude |
|
запобігати | |
preserve |
|
берегти | |
prevail |
|
переважати | |
proper |
|
доречний | |
properly |
|
належним чином | |
raise objection |
|
виставити заперечення | |
reasonable doubt |
|
обґрунтований сумнів | |
rebuttal |
|
спростування | |
rebuttal evidence |
|
доказ, що спростовує | |
reiterate |
|
повторювати | |
shift the burden of proof |
|
перекладати (на когось іншого) тягар | |
|
|
доведення | |
sum up |
|
підсумовувати | |
summation |
|
заключна промова (адвоката сторони) | |
Trier of fact |
|
особа (або орган), що вирішує питання факту | |
ultimately |
|
зрештою | |
unethical |
|
неетичний | |
unfavorable |
|
несприятливий | |
vigorously |
|
енергійно | |
vital |
|
важливий | |
vouch |
|
поручитися (за когось тощо) | |
|
UKRAINIAN |
- ENGLISH | |
адвокат |
|
counsel | |
аргументувати |
|
argue for | |
берегти |
|
preserve | |
важливий |
|
vital | |
висновок |
|
inference | |
висновок на користь протилежної сторони |
adverse inference | ||
виставити заперечення |
|
raise objection | |
вказувати |
|
indicate | |
вплив |
|
impact | |
дозволяти (собі) |
|
afford | |
доказ, що спростовує |
|
rebuttal evidence | |
доказовий |
|
argumentative | |
доречний |
|
proper | |
енергійно |
|
vigorously | |
заключна промова (адвоката сторони) |
closing argument; summation | ||
запобігати |
|
preclude | |
звичайний |
|
customary | |
здоровий глузд |
|
common sense | |
зрештою |
|
ultimately | |
кричущий |
|
egregious | |
мати намір |
|
intend | |
наголос |
|
emphasis | |
накладати (обов’язки тощо) |
|
impose | |
належним чином |
|
properly | |
нарада присяжних |
|
deliberation | |
натякати |
|
imply | |
неетичний |
|
unethical | |
несприятливий |
|
unfavorable | |
обґрунтований сумнів |
|
reasonable doubt | |
обґрунтувати свою версію справи |
make one’s case | ||
обмеження |
|
limitation | |
обстоювати свою думку |
|
assert one’s opinion |
особа (або орган), що вирішує питання факту |
Trier of fact |
переважати |
prevail |
передувати |
precede |
перекладати (на когось іншого) тягар |
shift the burden of proof |
доведення |
|
переконливий |
persuasive |
підсумовувати |
sum up |
повний (увесь) |
entire |
повторювати |
reiterate |
поручитися (за когось тощо) |
vouch |
прохання |
plea |
робити висновки |
draw inferences |
складність |
complexity |
спонукати |
exhort |
спроба |
attempt |
спростування |
rebuttal |
стислий |
condensed |
суперечити |
contradict |
траплятися |
occur |
тривалість |
duration |
тягар доведення |
burden of proof |
PART 2. IF AT FIRST YOU DON’T SUCCEED, TRY READING THE INSTRUCTIONS
A. group; B.weigh up; C. accusation; D. guiding principles; E. short passage; F. function; G. honest; H. injustice; I. opinion on the basis of incomplete information; J. suppose that something is true without evidence to confirm it; K. conclusion based on guesses rather than knowledge; L. neutrally; M. enquiry; N. having many confusing aspects; O. model; P. basis; Q. conditions connected with an event; R. specific; S. reappear.
Jury instructions are the set of legal rules that jurors should follow when the jury is deciding a civil or criminal case. Jury instructions are given to the jury by the judge, who usually reads them aloud to the jury. These instructions are usually standardized instructions and include such things as how to evaluate the evidence, the standard proof required (beyond a reasonable doubt), the elements of each charge that has to be proved and some guidelines on how to conduct deliberations. Here is an extract from the instruction given to the jury by the judge: “Members of the Jury: Your part in the administration of justice is very important. The parties in this case have come into this court for a trial on issues that have developed and exist between them. It is our duty - mine as judge, and yours as jurors - to see that all parties get a full and fair trial. You have been chosen and sworn as jurors to try the issues of fact presented in this case. You are to perform this duty without bias or prejudice to any party. The law does not permit jurors to be governed by conjecture, surmise, speculation, prejudice, or public opinion in these cases. The parties to this action expect that you will carefully and impartially consider all the evidence in the case and that you will carefully follow the law as stated to you by the Court”. If there is a dispute as to what law applies to the case, the judge will decide what instructions to give. The jury is required to decide the case relying only on the evidence presented at trial, reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence and the applicable law. The jury is not allowed to conduct an extra investigation, or consult other sources or persons. The charge to the jury may take a few minutes, or it may take hours, or even days, in complicated cases. Forty-eight states (Texas and West Virginia are the exceptions) have a basic set of instructions, usually called ‘pattern jury instructions’, which provide the framework for the charge to the jury; sometimes, only names and circumstances have to be filled in for a particular case. Often they are much more complex, although certain elements frequently recur. For instance, if a criminal defendant chooses not to testify, the jury will be instructed not to draw any conclusions from that decision.
Substitute the italicized words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in activity 1.
Before the jury deliberation, the judge, on the basis of the ‘model jury instructions’, which is a group of legal rules regulating jurors’ conduct, informs the jury about the guiding principles they should keep to in formulating the verdict. He reads short passages from the book, explaining them how to neutrally perform their function in assuring an honest trial without injustice to any party; how to weigh up the evidence concerning each accusation; how to avoid jumping to conclusions on the basis of incomplete information or based on guesses rather than knowledge', how not to suppose that something is true without evidence to confirm it. The jurors are not allowed to conduct their own additional enquiry, even if the conditions connected with an event in the specific case have many confusing aspects.
Listen to the text on the jury instructions in US courts and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.
Members of the Jury: Now that you have heard all of the (1), it
WwjH becomes my responsibility to instruct, or charge you, concerning the law that
applies to this (2). It is the Judge's duty to consider, determine
/ JltU md explain the rules of law that (3) in a particular case. It is the
/ JPhib Jury’s responsibility and duty to consider and determine the (4) of
~T~f fjL у Ле case, that is, what the (5) believes to be the true facts
A from among all of the evidence in the case. I have no right to tell you
which facts are established by the (6) and any exhibits. You,
and only you, are the judges of the facts. It is your (7) as jurors to
accept and follow the law as contained in these (8), and to apply that law to the
facts that you believe have been proved from all of the (9) in the case. Each
instruction is as important as any other. You are not to single out one (10) or
instruction alone as stating the (11) and ignore the other instructions or parts of
instructions. You are to (12) and apply these instructions together as a whole and
you are to regard each instruction in the light of all others. Any personal (13) which
you, or any of you, may have as to facts not (14) by the evidence in this case cannot
properly be considered by you as a (15) for your verdict. As individuals you may
believe that certain facts existed, but as (16) sworn to try this case and to render a
true (17) on the law and the evidence, you can act only upon the evidence which
has been properly (18) to you at this trial. You cannot speculate as to what may
HE LETTER . 1
OF THE LAW 1
PREFACE 8
MODULE 1 14
THE SHIP OF STATE NEVER SLOWS DOWN IN A FOG 14
LESSON 1. GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN BY THE COUNTRY IT KEEPS 14
LESSON 2 A SUCCESSFUL EXECUTIVE DELEGATES ALL RESPONSIBILITY 67
MODULE 2 186
THE RULE OF LAW 186
LESSON 1. THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND 186
module з і 361
THE TIMES OF TRIAL 361
LESSON 2. EVIDENCE IS NOT ALWAYS PROOF 382
LESSON 3. EXPERT’S REPUTATION IS RASED ON WNAT OTHERS DO NOT KNOW 403
LESSON 4. OUR DECISION IS ‘MAYBE’ - AND THAT’S FINAL 426
TIME IS MONEY, BUT NOT IN JAIL 465
LESSON 1. OFFENSIVE MATERIALS 465
Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations related to the jury instructions from the text.
Evidence; responsibility; instruct; judge; jury; rules of law; determine the facts; testimony; exhibit; judges of the facts; juror; follow the law; single out a statement; ignore the instructions; apply the instructions together as a whole; regard each instruction in the light of all others; personal opinion; try the case; render; properly introduced; speculate; put an opinion aside; apply the law; perform duties; be influenced by prejudices; consider impartially; reach a verdict; regardless of the consequences.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1 and 3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about jury instructions at the trial.
JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN GENERAL4 f"‘ % | |
What is ‘jury instructions’ and who gives them? |
|
What do the jury instructions include? |
|
What is the jurors’ duty? |
|
What are the things the jurors are not allowed? |
|
What do the parties expect from the jurors? |
|
What happens if the jurors are not sure what law applies to the case? |
|
How long do the jury instructions last? |
|
What is ‘pattern jury instructions’? |
|
CONTENT OF JURY INSTRUCTIONS | |
What is the Judge’s duty? |
|
What is the Jury’s duty? |
|
How should the instructions be used? |
|
What is the difference between individuals and jurors? |
|
Jurors must be impartial: What does that mean? |
|
Work in pairs. Read the text below. Then discuss with your partner the situation described in the text. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
David Wise broke into a shop, leaving behind his driving license. He was jailed for eleven months in December. George Black burgled a flat, leaving behind his papers and a passport photo. He was imprisoned in January. John Edison burgled a house, leaving behind his business card with his name and address. He got ten months. Peter Smith broke into a bank during the December snowstorms. Footprints from his size eight boots led straight to his front door. In March, he got three years, should
David Wise should not have left behind his driving license.
must
David Wise a shop in the first place.
allow
No one shops, are they?
could
David Wise for more than eleven months, could not he?
should
George Black a passport photo at home.
must
George Black honest life in the first place.
must
John Edison and Peter Smith what they did either.
Write a survey report on the jury instructions in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Інструкції для журі - це набір правових норм, яких присяжні мають дотримуватися під час вирішення цивільної або кримінальної справи. Будь-яка сторона може звернутися з клопотанням у письмовій формі про те, щоб суд провів інструктаж журі стосовно закону, зазначеного у клопотанні. Клопотання подається на завершальному етапі подання доказів або раніше, у термін, встановлений судом. Сторона, яка подає клопотання, має вручити його копії усім іншим сторонам. Перед заключними виступами адвокатів суд має проінформувати сторони, яке рішення він збирається прийняти щодо інструктажу, що є предметом клопотання.
Інструктаж журі проводиться суддею, який зазвичай зачитує інструкції уголос. Суддя пояснює обов’язки журі, а також розтлумачує закон, що стосується справи. Суддя може нагадати критерій доказовості (поза будь-яким обґрунтованим сумнівом), права відповідача та обов’язок сторони обвинувачення довести всі елементи злочину. Суддя пояснює обвинувачення й можливі варіанти вироку. Суддя не має права казати журі, які факти є встановленими відповідно до свідчень і речових доказів. У випадку робіжностей між присяжними щодо того, який закон слід застосувати у справі, суддя визначає зміст відповідного інструктажу. Інструктаж журі суддею може тривати кілька хвилин або годин, або навіть днів у складних справах.
Від присяжних вимагається вирішити справу, покладаючись тільки на докази, подані під час судового розгляду, висновки, що можна сформулювати, виходячи з них, та на відповідний закон. Журі не дозволяється проводити подальше слідство або звертатися до інших джерел або осіб. Обов’язком присяжних є дотримання закону, зазначеного в інструкціях, і застосування цього закону до фактів, які, як вони вважають, були доведені доказами у справі. Присяжні не повинні виділяти будь-яке одне положення або інструкцію й ігнорувати інші інструкції. Вони мають розглядати та застосовувати всі інструкції разом, як єдине ціле, й тлумачити кожну інструкцію у взаємозв’язку з усіма іншими. Будь- яка особиста думка, яку присяжні можуть мати стосовно фактів, не встановлених доказами у справі, не може вважатися підставою для вироку. Як пересічні люди, вони можуть вірити, що певні факти мали місце, але як присяжні, що присягнулися розглядати справу й винести вирок, ґрунтуючись на законі й доказах, вони можуть діяти, тільки спираючись на докази, які були належним чином представлені у судовому розгляді. Присяжним не слід розмірковувати про те, що могло б статися, якщо відповідні докази відсутні. Виконуючи свої обов’язки, журі не може дозволяти собі зазнати стороннього впливу через упередженість та прихильність до будь-якої сторони.