
- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary english - ukrainian
admissibility of testimony
areas of expertise
argument
biased
civil case
conduct recross-examination
contradict
contradictory
credibility
criminal conviction
cross-examination
cross-examine
defendant’s attorney demonstrative evidence direct examination
discretion
elicit
expert witness felony have a stake hostile impeach
initial questioning interrogation leading questions legal argument lessen objection open court overrule pertain
present the case proper evidence raise objection rest the case reveal
rules of evidence
ruling
side
sustain
take sides
the outcome of the case verdict
припустимість показань свідка сфера компетентності доказ
упереджений цивільна справа
проводити повторний перехресний допит
суперечити
суперечливий
надійність
кримінальне засудження перехресний допит свідка протилежної сторони
проводити перехресний допит свідка протилежної сторони адвокат відповідача наочні докази
первісний допит свідка у справі стороною, що
викликала його
свобода дії
виявляти
експерт-свідок
кримінальний злочин
мати зацікавленість
ворожий
брати під сумнів
попередній допит
допит
навідне запитання правовий доказ зменшувати заперечення
відкрите судове засідання
відхиляти
стосуватися
подавати справу на розгляд
належний доказ
висувати заперечення
закінчувати (виступ звинувачення тощо)
виявляти
правила подання свідчень
постанова судді
сторона у справі
підтримувати
ставати на чиюсь сторону
результат розгляду справи
вердикт, рішення присяжних
UKRAINIAN - ENGLISH
defendant’s
attorney
impeach
verdict
адвокат
відповідача брати під сумнів вердикт
висувати заперечення виявляти
відкрите судове засідання
відхиляти
ворожий
доказ
допит
експерт-свідок
закінчувати (виступ звинувачення тощо)
заперечення
зменшувати
кримінальне засудження кримінальний злочин мати зацікавленість навідне запитання надійність належний доказ наочні докази
первісний допит свідка у справі стороною, що викликала його
перехресний допит свідка протилежної
сторони
підтримувати
подавати справу на розгляд попередній допит постанова судді правила подання свідчень правовий доказ
припустимість показань свідка
проводити перехресний допит свідка
протилежної сторони
проводити повторний перехресний допит
результат розгляду справи
рішення присяжних
свобода дії
ставати на чиюсь сторону
сторона у справі
стосуватися
суперечити
суперечливий
сфера компетентності
упереджений
цивільна справа raise objection
elicit; reveal
open court
overrule
hostile
argument
interrogation
expert witness
rest the case
objection
lessen
criminal conviction felony have a stake leading questions credibility proper evidence demonstrative evidence direct examination
cross-examination
sustain
present the case initial questioning ruling
rules of evidence legal argument admissibility of testimony cross-examine
conduct recross-examination
the outcome of the case
verdict
discretion
take sides
side
pertain
contradict
contradictory
areas of expertise
biased
civil case
В . • ~ГТ. • . "
Work in pairs. In the text below find the words that correspond to the definitions given in the box.
A. clarification; B. work of a legal advocate; C. suitable; D. correctness; E. correct; F. not connected with something; G. unimportant under the circumstances; H. not qualified to act in a particular capacity; I. having the necessary knowledge and skills; J. consisting of two or more separate elements; K. underlying basis; L. not having; M. genuineness; N. origin;
O. make known; P. puzzling; Q. basically; R. taken away; S. uncooperative;
T. remove from the official transcript of the court procedure.
Although the way to enlightenment in trial advocacy can be applied in many contexts, it is probably most applicable to the art of making trial objections. Objection is a lawyer’s protest about the legal propriety of a question which has been asked a witness by the opposing attorney, with the purpose of making the trial judge decide if the question can be asked. A proper objection must be based on one of the specific reasons for not allowing a question. These include: irrelevant, immaterial, incompetent (often stated together, which may mean the question is not about the issues in the trial, or the witness is not qualified to answer) evidence, hearsay (the answer would be what someone told the witness and is not what he/she knew first-hand), leading (putting words in the mouth of one's own witness), calls for a conclusion (asking for opinion, not facts), compound question (two or more questions asked together), or lack of foundation (referring to a document lacking testimony as to authenticity or source). An objection must be made quickly and loudly to halt the witness before he/she answers. The judge will either ‘sustain’ the objection (ruling out the question) or ‘overrule’ it (allow the question). The judge may ask for an ‘offer of proof in which the lawyer asking the question must explain to the court the reason the question is relevant, and what evidence his/her questions will reveal. Badly worded, confusing or compound questions are usually challenged by an objection to the form of the question, which is essentially a demand that the question be withdrawn and reworded. An attorney may ‘object’ to a witness’s answer as ‘nonresponsive’ to the question, but the proper request should be that the answer or a comment without a question be ‘stricken’ from the record.
Substitute the italicized words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in activity 1.
A correct objection, that is the way of clarification applied in the work of a legal advocate, is suitable as a form of a lawyer’s protest about the legal correctness of the opposing attorney’s question to a witness. Such questions may be puzzling, consisting of two or more separate
elements, unconnected with the case in hand, unimportant under the circumstances, not qualified to act as questions to a witness, lacking the underlying basis, having no testimony as to the genuineness or origin of the evidence. Lawyers may object to the opposing attorney’s question if they believe that the witness does not have the necessary knowledge and skills to answer it, in which case they basically demand that the question be removed from the official transcript of the court procedure. On the other hand, the opposing attorney may object to the witness being uncooperative and on this ground demand that the question be answered. In such cases the judge may ask the lawyer to explain what evidence his/her questions will make known.
Listen to the text on the Purpose of Trial Objections in US courts and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.
The basic principle of common law is to exclude inadmissible (2)
at trial. The Rules require from advocates to make ‘timely’ and ‘specific’
trial objections to avoid errors in the (3) of evidence at trial.
я; Although the basis for making any (4) objection is found in the
>/ Rules, all trial objections must be made in consideration of other
A/ evidentiary (5) that are applicable to the evidence of the case.
A For instance, other Rules govern the mode and manner of interrogation
St and (5) at trial, the issue of evidence relevance and hearsay
evidence. Accordingly, the general purpose of any trial objection is to
use the (6) rules of evidence to prevent the presentation of
(7) evidence to the jury.
In this context, all trial (8) can be categorized into ‘content’ or ‘form’ objections.
(9) objections are connected to substantive evidence (e.g., calls for hearsay, speculation,
or irrelevant evidence). (10) trial objections deal with non-substantive issues. That is,
content trial objections try to find the applicable (11) of evidence to exclude the
witness’s expected answer (testimonial (12)) or the introduction of an exhibit (real,
demonstrative or (13) evidence) at trial. Form trial objections, on the other hand, are
connected to things other than the substantive (14). For example, form trial objections
are intended to remedy the manner in which the (15) is asking questions (leading,
argumentative) or the manner in which the (16) is responding (narrative). Content trial
(17) address the evidence itself, and form trial objections address the manner in which
the (18) tries to introduce evidence.
Finally, the Rules place the (19) for using applicable rules of evidence on the
advocates. Although trial (20) have the power to decide evidentiary disputes, they rely
on the advocates to conduct their (21) through the use of trial objections. The rules of
evidence are intended to speed up the (22) process by placing responsibility for using the
rules of evidence on those who can best conduct (23) disputes - the advocates.
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations from the text above.
Resolve the point in dispute; be codified; basic premise; exclusion of inadmissible evidence at trial; prevent errors; court’s evidentiary ruling; admission of evidence at trial; basis for making a trial objection; mode and manner of interrogation; issue of evidentiary relevance; overall
purpose; prevent inadmissible evidence from being presented to the jury; content trial objections; substantive evidence; irrelevant evidence; form trial objections; testimonial evidence; demonstrative or documentary evidence; place the responsibility; decide evidentiary disputes; introduce evidence; rules of evidence; conduct disputes.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1 and 3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about making objections at the trial.
: ’ : OBJECTIONS | |
What is a ‘trial objection’? |
|
What are specific reasons for a ‘trial objection’? |
|
What is ‘irrelevant evidence’? |
|
What is ‘immaterial evidence’? |
|
What is ‘incompetent evidence’? |
|
What is ‘hearsay evidence’? |
|
What is a‘leading question’? |
|
What is a ‘compound question’? |
|
What is a ‘question that calls for a conclusion’? |
|
What is ‘lack of foundation’? |
|
How can the judge react to an objection? |
|
What is a ‘nonresponsive witness’? |
|
. FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE ON OBJECTIONS | |
What is the basic purpose of ‘trial objections’? |
|
What other evidentiary rules should be taken into account in making trial objections? |
|
Types of trial objections |
|
What is a ‘content objection’? |
|
What is a ‘form objection’? |
|
What do content trial objections try to find and address? |
|
What do form trial objections try to find and address? |
|
Who bears the responsibility for using applicable rules of evidence at the trial? |
|
Write a survey report on the main principles of objections during the trial in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Заперечення - це протест адвоката стосовно запитання, яке було поставлене свідку протилежною стороною, аби суддя міг вирішити, чи може таке запитання бути поставлене. Основною передумовою заперечення у загальному праві є виключення неприпустимих свідчень під час судового розгляду справи. Зазвичай заперечення подається після того, як протилежна сторона поставила запитання свідку, але ще до того, як свідок почав відповідати, або у випадках, коли протилежна сторона намагається змінити щось у поданні доказів. Належне заперечення має ґрунтуватися на конкретних приводах, що дають підстави не дозволяти ставити запитання. Загальною метою заперечень під час судового розгляду справи є намагання застосувати відповідні Федеральні норми доказового права, аби вилучити будь-які свідчення, що є неприпустимими або несуттєвими, на розгляд присяжних. До таких свідчень належать: несуттєві або неправомочні свідчення; свідчення, що не стосуються справи; чутки • відповідь, що грунтується не на власному досвіді свідка, а на словах третьої особи); випадки, коли адвокат ставить запитання таким чином, що відповідь на нього вимагає висловлення думки свідка замість викладу фактів; об’єднані запитання (кілька запитань, що містяться в одному); недостатня обґрунтованість (стосовно документів сумнівної автентичності чи походження).
Адвокат має вносити заперечення чітко й голосно, аби попередити відповідь свідка.
І Заперечення можна розділити на дві групи: до змісту або до форми. Заперечення до змісту
І зключають усі заперечення стосовно суті висловлювання (наприклад, заперечення проти
свідчення з посиланням на чутки). Метою ж заперечень до форми є намагання змінити j форму постановки запитань адвокатом (наприклад, заперечення проти навідних запитань),
і Суддя, у свою чергу, приймає рішення щодо підтримання (погоджується із запереченням
І і відхиляє запитання, доказ або свідчення) чи відхилення заперечень (дозволяє ставити
запитання, подавати докази або свідчення). Якщо суддя погодиться, адвокат може перефразувати запитання належним чином і повторно поставити його свідку.