- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Kinds of crimes
There are two major classifications of crimes: felonies and misdemeanors. Felonies are classified according to comparative seriousness. Misdemeanors are similarly classified. The most serious crimes are felonies. Felonies carry a potential penalty of imprisonment for more than one year in a state penal institution. A capital offense is a felony for which death is a potential penalty. Felonies may be punished by imprisonment fines. Misdemeanors are less serious offenses for which the maximum potential penalty is imprisonment for not more than one year, or a fine, or both. Imprisonment for misdemeanor is in a local facility, a county jail, or municipal workhouse or jail. Under certain circumstances, imprisonment for a felony may be served in an approved local facility and imprisonment for consecutive misdemeanors may be served in a state penal institution. There are nine degrees of felony under the Criminal Code. The most serious degree is aggravated murder. The next most serious is murder. These are followed in order by aggravated felonies of the first, second, and third degrees, and felonies of the first, second, third, and fourth degrees. Misdemeanors are divided into misdemeanors of the first, second, third and fourth degrees, and minor misdemeanors. Minor misdemeanors are the least serious offences under the Criminal Code.
HE LETTER . 1
OF THE LAW 1
PREFACE 8
MODULE 1 14
THE SHIP OF STATE NEVER SLOWS DOWN IN A FOG 14
LESSON 1. GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN BY THE COUNTRY IT KEEPS 14
LESSON 2 A SUCCESSFUL EXECUTIVE DELEGATES ALL RESPONSIBILITY 67
MODULE 2 186
THE RULE OF LAW 186
LESSON 1. THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND 186
module з і 361
THE TIMES OF TRIAL 361
LESSON 2. EVIDENCE IS NOT ALWAYS PROOF 382
LESSON 3. EXPERT’S REPUTATION IS RASED ON WNAT OTHERS DO NOT KNOW 403
LESSON 4. OUR DECISION IS ‘MAYBE’ - AND THAT’S FINAL 426
TIME IS MONEY, BUT NOT IN JAIL 466
LESSON 1. OFFENSIVE MATERIALS 466
The most serious crime is . The least serious crime is
Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in, describe the classification of crimes.
Read the text about the crimes listed in the Criminal Code and fill in the table on the next page.
Crimes in the Criminal Code. Laws which create criminal offenses are found, for example, in the Ohio Code, municipal ordinances, and the United States Code. Title 29 of Ohio Revised Code (the Ohio Criminal Code) lists most of the serious offenses proscribed by state law. Taken as a whole, these offenses constitute a comprehensive code of conduct. The subjects covered are: homicide, assault, menacing threats; kidnapping, abduction, false imprisonment, extortion, coercion; patient abuse and neglect; rape and other sexual assaults, prostitution, obscenity and disseminating matter harmful to juveniles; arson and other property damage offenses; robbery, burglary, breaking and entering, safecracking, and trespass; theft, bad check and credit card offenses, forgery, fraud; gambling; inciting to violence; disorderly conduct, and false alarms; endangering children, domestic violence; bribery, perjury, resisting arrest, harboring criminals, escape, graft, conflict of interest, dereliction of public duty, violation of civil rights and similar offenses; conspiracy, attempt, and complicity; weapons and explosives control; racketeering and corrupt activity; drug control; and miscellaneous offenses.
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY |
CRIMES AGAINST PEOPLE |
CRIMES AGAINST JUSTICE |
SOME ELEMENTS OF CRIMES |
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Listen to the text on the powers of Congress and state legislatures to define crimes. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice.
The power to make certain conduct illegal is (1) to Congress by the Constitution.
Congress has the power to define and punish (2) whenever it is necessary and proper to do
so, in order to accomplish and safeguard the goals of (3) and of society in general.
Congress has wide discretion in classifying crimes as (4) or misdemeanors, and it may
revise the classification of crimes. State (5) have the exclusive and inherent
to pass a law prohibiting and punishing any act, provided the law does not break the provisions of
the U.S. or state (7). When classifying conduct as (8), state legislatures must
ensure that the classification bears some reasonable relation to the welfare and safety of
. Municipalities may make designated behavior (8) insofar as the power to do so has
been delegated to them by the state legislature. (9) passed by Congress or a state must
define crimes with certainty. A citizen and the (10) must have a clear understanding of a
criminal law's requirements and prohibitions. If the language of a (11) does not plainly
show what the legislature intended to (12) and punish, the statute may be declared void
for vagueness. In deciding whether a statute is sufficiently certain and plain, the (13) mus:
evaluate it from the standpoint of a (14) of ordinary intelligence who might be subject to
its terms. A statute that fails to give such a person (15) notice that the particular
(16) is forbidden is indefinite and therefore void. Courts will not hold a person criminally
(17) for conduct that could not reasonably be understood to be (18
However, simple difficulty in understanding the meaning of the words used, or the ambiguity of certain language, will not (19) a statute for vagueness.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercise 4. Then use the table and the tables in exercises 1 and 3 to tell your partner everything you know about the kinds of crimes in the USA.
POWER OF CONGRESS TO MAKE CERTAIN CONDUCT ILLEGAL | |
What is the power of Congress to define crimes? |
|
What is the power of state legislatures to define crimes? |
|
What is the power of municipalities to define crimes? |
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What are the requirements to the definitions of crimes? |
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What happens if those requirements are not met? |
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Which crimes are being described in the following situations? Work in pairs and match the words given in the box with the sentences.
burglary arson theft
domestic violence
fraud vandalism murder kidnapping drug control hacking
The woman was often seen with bruises on her face.
The business used deception to obtain money.
Someone broke into our house and stole our camera.
Trained dogs found the packages stuffed into the seats of the car.
The girl would be harmed unless her parents paid the money.
Someone has stolen her purse from her desk.
She killed him by poisoning his coffee.
They were accused of deliberately smashing the car.
They accessed the information from government computer systems.
Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
He asked, "Where is the accused?"
He asked where the accused was.
They asked, "What punishment is imposed for a felony?"
She asked, "Why didn't you explain that you had been taken away by force?"
He asked, "What powers does Congress have?"
We asked, "How many degrees are misdemeanors divided into?"
She asked, "Is extortion a felony or misdemeanor?"
He asked, "Have you studied the figures concerning domestic violence?"
We asked, "What organ delegates the power to consider certain behavior illegal to municipalities?"
She asked, "Who stole my purse?"
He asked, "How long did it take to investigate the crime?"
Translate into English
Головними видами злочинів є фелонії (кримінальні злочини) та місдимінори (менш серйозні правопорушення). Фелонії, так само як і місдимінори, класифікуються за ступенем їх тяжкості. Фелонії є найбільш серйозними злочинами. Фелонія тягне за собою можливе покарання на термін не менше одного року ув’язнення у виправному закладі штату. За найтяжчі фелонії може виноситися смертний вирок. В інших випадках фелонії караються ув’язненням або штрафом. Місдимінори тягнуть за собою не більше року ув’язнення або штраф або те й інше одночасно. Ув’язнення за місдимінори відбуваються у місцевому виправному закладі, окружній в’язниці або у муніципальному виправному закладі. У певних випадках ув’язнення за фелонію може відбуватися у ліцензованому місцевому виправному закладі, а ув’язнення за повторні місдимінори - у виправному закладі штату. За Кримінальним кодексом існує дев’ять ступенів фелоній. Найвищим ступенем є вбивство за обтяжуючих обставин. Далі йде вбивство, вчинене із заздалегідь сформованим злим умислом. За ними послідовно йдуть фелонії за обтяжуючих обставин першого, другого, третього та четвертого ступенів. Менш серйозні правопорушення підрозділяються на місдимінори першого, другого, третього та четвертого ступенів та на незначні місдимінори (адміністративні правопорушення). За Кримінальним кодексом незначні місдимінори є найменш серйозними правопорушеннями. Найбільш серйозні правопорушення, передбачені Кримінальним кодексом, включають: вбивство, напад або погрозу фізичним насильством, залякування з погрозами, викрадення людей, незаконне позбавлення волі, шантаж, примус, зґвалтування та інші сексуальні насильницькі дії. проституцію, непристойну поведінку, що ображає суспільну мораль та розповсюдження матеріалів, шкідливих для молоді; підпал та інші злочини, що завдають шкоду майну; розбій, крадіжка зі зламом, злам сейфів, порушення меж власності, крадіжка, підробляння чеків, махінації з кредитними картками, підробляння документів тощо, шахрайство, злочинна експлуатація азартних ігор, підмовляння до насильницьких дій, порушення громадського порядку, фальшивий виклик (поліції тощо); ухилення від сплати аліментів, наражання дітей на небезпеку, насильство у сім’ї; хабарництво, лжесвідчення, чинення опору під час затримання; надання притулку злочинцю, втеча, підкуп, конфлікт інтересів, невиконання громадського обов’язку, порушення громадянських прав; змова, замах на злочин та співучасть у злочині, порушення правил продажу та зберігання зброї й вибухових речовин, рекетирство та корупційна діяльність, розповсюдження наркотиків та інші правопорушення.