- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
ENGLISH - UKRAINIAN
alcoholic |
алкоголік |
assigned |
призначений (на посаду тощо) |
assure |
забезпечувати |
at random |
випадковим чином |
attorney |
адвокат |
capital case |
злочин, за який передбачена смертна кара |
challenge a juror |
відводити присяжного |
challenge for cause |
усунення на конкретній підставі |
choosing of the jury |
добір присяжних |
convicted of a felony |
засуджений за тяжкий злочин |
courtroom |
зала суду |
deliberation |
нарада |
drug addict |
наркоман |
eligible for |
що має право на |
excuse for cause |
відведення на конкретній підставі |
exempt from service |
звільняти з посади, служби |
fair |
справедливий |
felony case |
кримінальна справа за тяжким злочином |
follow the proceeding |
слідкувати за судовою процедурою |
form an opinion |
формувати думку, точку зору |
honest |
чесний |
impartial |
неупереджений |
influence |
впливати |
interfere |
заважати |
interview |
співбесіда |
limit |
обмеження |
mentally incompetent |
психічно хворий |
panel |
склад (список) |
peremptory challenge |
відвід без мотивування (зазначення причини) |
potential juror |
потенційний присяжний |
prospective juror |
потенційний присяжний |
restore |
відновлювати (право тощо) |
serve on a jury |
виконувати функції присяжного засідателя |
sit on the jury |
входити до складу журі |
take the oath |
присягати |
to excuse |
звільняти (від відповідальності тощо) |
Voir Dire |
процес добору присяжних |
voter registration records |
список виборців |
witness |
свідок |
UKRAINIAN |
- ENGLISH |
адвокат |
attorney |
алкоголік |
alcoholic |
виконувати функції присяжного засідателя |
serve on a jury |
випадковим чином |
at random |
відведення на конкретній підставі |
excuse for cause |
відвід без зазначення причини |
peremptory challenge |
відводити присяжного |
challenge a juror |
відновлювати (право тощо) |
restore |
впливати |
influence |
входити до складу журі |
sit on the jury |
добір присяжних |
choosing of the jury; voir dire (фр.) |
забезпечувати заважати зала суду
засуджений за тяжкий злочин звільняти (від відповідальності тощо) звільняти з посади
злочин, за який передбачена смертна кара
кримінальна справа за тяжким злочином
нарада
наркоман
неупереджений
обмеження
потенційний присяжний
призначений (на посаду тощо)
присягати
психічно хворий
свідок
склад (список)
слідкувати за судовою процедурою
список виборців
співбесіда
справедливий
усунення на конкретній підставі формувати точку зору чесний
що має право на assure
interfere
courtroom
convicted of a felony to excuse
exempt from service
capital case
felony case
deliberation
drug addict
impartial
limit
potential juror; prospective juror
assigned
take the oath
mentally incompetent
witness
panel
follow the proceeding voter registration records interview fair
challenge for cause form an opinion honest eligible for
Work in pairs. In the text below And the words that correspond in the meaning to the words and word combinations in the box.
A. speech; B. summarize; C. problem; D. prove; E. aim; F. continue; G. based on fact;
aggressive; I. obligatory; J. important; K. chance; L. future;
M. main; N. present; O. character; P. meant
After the judge gives the preliminary instructions, the attorneys for the parties give their opening statements to the jury. During opening statements, the lawyers outline the issues in the case and tell the jury what they expect the evidence will prove during the trial. The purpose of the opening statement is to give a general picture of the facts and issues to help the jury better understand the evidence. The opening statements usually last ten to thirty minutes, although sometimes they are much longer. The judge can limit the time for opening statements. Usually an attorney will present his opening statement as a story, giving a chronological summary of what happened from the party’s viewpoint. Although the attorneys will present the case in the best possible light for their clients, the opening statements should be factual, not argumentative. The opening statements are not evidence, and the attorneys should not present their opinion of the evidence. Attorneys are not permitted to make statements that cannot be supported by the evidence they expect to present during the trial. An opening statement is made by the attorneys for each side at the start of the trial. The opening statement, although not mandatory, is seldom waived because it is a valuable opportunity to give a general idea of the case to the jury and to explain the anticipated proof that will be presented during the trial. The primary purpose of an opening statement is to explain the fact to the Trier, jury or court, of the issues in question and to summarize the evidence that the party intends to offer during the trial. The Supreme Court has characterized an opening statement as intended to inform the jury in a general way of the nature of the action and defense so that they may better be prepared to understand the evidence.
Substitute the italicised words and word combinations in the following sentences with the words you have found in Activity 1.
The opening speech, which is not obligatory, is meant to inform the jury of the character of
the action, so that the jurors may better understand the future evidence which will be presented
during the trial. This is an important chance to summarize the problems of the case to the jury. The main aim of the opening speech, which usually continues for ten to thirty minutes, is to help a party to establish its evidence during the trial. That is why the attorneys’ presentation of the case during their opening speeches will never be aggressive, but will be exclusively based on fact instead.
Opening (1) are often informal. The
(2) tells the client's story and explains to the
(3) what the evidence will show. An opening
(4), however, does not present
(5), and the jury cannot use it in reaching a
verdict. The opening statement should be short and general.
An attorney may not discuss inadmissible
(6). The attorney must believe that the opening statement will be supported by the evidence. In addition, statements that are
purely (7) are not proper during opening
statements. An attorney may not express personal opinions, comment about the evidence, or
(8) about the credibility of a witness during an opening statement. Objections by
(9) counsel during an opening statement may be proper if the
>10) presenting the opening statement engages in improper conduct. A (11)
usually has several remedies for misconduct during an opening statement. The most common
(12) for misconduct during an opening statement is jury admonition, when the
judge instructs the (13) to disregard the improper statement. Attorneys must use
caution during the opening (14) to avoid making damaging admissions. The
court may decide the case after the opening statement and before the (15) has
the opportunity to hear the evidence. A court can take the case from the jury where it is clear
from the opening statement that the (16) cannot succeed or that the defendant
has no valid (17). This is usually done by an attorney bringing a
■ 18) for a direct verdict. A strong opening statement may have a great influence on the jurors.
The opening (19) begins the process of persuasion, the final goal of which is a
favorable (20).
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the opening
statements from the text.
Opening statements; attorney; jury; evidence; reach a verdict; rely on; inadmissible evidence; motion; supported by the evidence; purely argumentative; proper; witness; credibility of a witness; appropriate; objections; opposing counsel; improper conduct; misconduct; remedy; jury admonition; instruct the jury; disregard; improper statement; based on; damaging statements; caution; avoid; decide the case; plaintiff; defendant; valid defense; direct verdict; process of persuasion; favorable verdict.
Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 1-3. Then use the table to tell your partner everything you know about the attorneys’ opening statements.
OPENING STATEMENfSTOTHEJURY; 7"'-' ■ Л. By- | |
The content of the opening statements |
|
The purpose of the opening statements |
|
The duration of the opening statements |
|
What will an attorney usually present in the opening statement? |
|
Things the attorneys should not present in the opening statement |
|
The opening statement is seldom waived. Why? |
|
The primary purpose of an opening statement |
|
~ ATTORNEYS’ CONDUCT WHEN PRESENTING OPENING STATEMENTS TO THE JURY | |
Opening statements’ characteristics |
|
Things an attorney may not discuss in the opening statement |
|
Situations when objections by opposing counsel during an opening statement may be proper |
|
Remedies for attorneys’ misconduct during opening statements |
|
I . Situations when court may decide the case after the opening statement |
|
I How can opening statements influence a verdict? |
|
Write a survey report on the main aims and principles of opening statements in the US law system. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.
Translate into English
Після напутніх слів судді адвокати сторін виступають із вступними промовами, призначеними для присяжних засідателів, протягом яких адвокати у розмовній формі викладають фактичний бік справи й окреслюють речі, які сторона буде намагатися довести протягом слухання. Метою вступних промов є загальний виклад фактів та питань, що будуть розглядатися далі, аби допомогти присяжним краще розуміти зміст майбутніх свідчень. Вступні промови зазвичай тривають недовго - від десяти до п’ятнадцяти хвилин, однак в окремих випадках вони можуть затягуватися і тоді суддя може попередити адвоката. Іноді судді наперед встановлюють регламент для вступних промов. Адвокати сторін намагаються викладати зміст максимально просто, як розповідь у хронологічній послідовності про факти, як вони мали місце з точки зору відповідної сторони. При цьому адвокати адаптують зміст, враховуючи освітній та інтелектуальний рівень присяжних. Хоча адвокати природно намагаються викладати факти у найбільш вигідному для сторони світлі, їм не дозволяють висловлювати власну точку зору й чинити тиск на присяжних, бо вступна промова не є засобом подання доказів. Адвокатам не можна робити заяви, не підкріплені наявними доказами. Вступні промови виголошуються на початку судового слухання. Хоча згадані промови не є обов’язковими, від них рідко відмовляються, оскільки вони є цінною нагодою викласти власну точку зору присяжним й пояснити значення майбутніх свідчень, що очікуються протягом слухання справи. Головною метою цих промов є виклад фактичного боку справи з точки зору відповідної сторони й узагальнення свідчень, які згадана сторона має намір подати протягом судового розгляду. Верховний суд США характеризує вступні промови адвокатів як засіб інформування присяжних щодо суті того, що трапилося, а також щодо загальних принципів захисту у справі, аби краще підготувати журі до заслуховування свідчень.