- •He letter .
- •Передмова
- •Checks and balances
- •System of government in britain
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •I think that... In my opinion... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think... Personally, I feel that...
- •Vocabulary КонгресEnglish - ukrainian
- •Конгрес
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •8. You will hear the speaker talking about the way bills become laws in Ukraine. Listen to the text twice and then describe the legislative procedure using the scheme below.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Legislative powers of the president
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Department of defense
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •Royal prerogative
- •In the text below find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Privy council
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in exercise 1.
- •In the text below, find the synonyms to the words in the box. Use the Vocabulary Section if you need it.
- •Exemplifying
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from the text above.
- •Executive-Legislative Relations in us and European Models
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Political parties in the usa
- •The republican party
- •Describing past habits
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in the usa
- •Presidential elections
- •Congressional elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind, ... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think, ... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Asking for explanations
- •Giving explanations
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word
- •General elections
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •I think that... In my opinion ... To my mind,... I believe that... I can't be certain, but I think ... Personally, I feel that... I could be wrong, but I think ... I personally think ...
- •If you want to know what I think,... Not everybody will agree with me, but...
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •Vocabulary
- •In the sentences below substitute the italicized elements with the words and word combinations from column a in the table above.
- •Elections in ukraine
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •The priciples of government
- •Provisions for amendment
- •Constitutional interpretation
- •8. Translate into English
- •Vocabulary
- •The principles of the constitution
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •What it is fine in principle, is hard to do in practice
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Stating and justifying opinions
- •Vocabulary
- •Inferior courts in england and wales
- •In such a way that / in such a way as to (in the meaning “ with the result that “).
- •Vocabulary
- •Changing the subject
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Listen to the text on the pretrial conference in civil cases in the usa and fill in the gaps.
- •Vocabulary
- •Legal aid
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).
- •Showing surprise
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercises 2-4.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •The man in court
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How evidence is presented
- •Vocabulary
- •Inadmissible (evidence) incompetent (evidence) invalid (evidence) irrelevant (evidence) mistrial objection
- •Importance of evidence
- •Improper (evidence) inadmissible; incompetent circumstantial evidence bear
- •In the box.
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •Vocabulary english - ukrainian
- •V. Discharge of the obligation.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •9. Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.Translate into English
- •Kinds of crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •Illegal conduct
- •Inciting to violence
- •Inherent
- •Inherent powers menacing threats minor misdemeanors
- •Illegal conduct obscenity
- •What are white collar crimes generally?
- •Vocabulary
- •Internal Revenue Service (irs)
- •Violation of trust
- •Violation of trust white collar crimes cybercrime
- •Incarceration
- •Vocabulary
Constitutional interpretation
Whatever approaches might be used in the Supreme Court's constitutional interpretation, a characteristic of most of them is that they are very flexible. As a result, much of the body of constitutional law cannot be traced to the text of the Constitution by any traditional means used in interpreting other forms of enacted law.
In many cases, it is more accurate to say, not that a particular statute violates the Constitution, but that it violates a principle that courts say the Constitution represents. In the process of a court determining what principles underlie the Constitution, there is plenty of
opportunity for judges to inject all manner of political, economic or social theory into their
constitutional decision-making. This often leads commentators to criticize the Supreme Court in particular, for engaging in "political activism" rather than applying the law.
But at least two characteristics of the Constitution invite such judicial activism. First, much of the Constitution's text is very general. And many of the general terms require one or another political vision or tradition. Second, the Constitution is 200 years old. Issues, which were important 200 years ago, have become non-issues today and new important problems have arisen. Amendment is not a realistic option for changing basic constitutional values, because changing the Constitution is an extremely difficult process. So the task of "updating" the Constitution has fallen to the courts.
8. Translate into English
Конституція СІЛА є «найвищим законом країни», що суди тлумачать як її верховенство по відношенню до конституцій штатів або будь-яких законів, ухвалених законодавчими органами штатів або Конгресом США. В усіх випадках, коли вони суперечать федеральній конституції, вони не мають юридичної сили. Лише американський народ, який має найвищі повноваження і який делегує урядове управління державним службовцям, може змінити основний закон або скласти нову конституцію. Діяльність державних службовців, незалежно від того, обираються вони чи призначаються, має відповідати законам, інакше вони усуваються з посади. Конституція передбачає, що всі урядовці США можуть бути усунені з посади шляхом імпічменту, якщо вони визнані винними у вчиненні тяжких злочинів або правопорушень. Американські громадяни виявляють свою волю на виборах, які мають періодично проходити всі виборні урядовці, за винятком федеральних суддів, які призначаються довічно, аби бути вільними від політичних зобов’язань та впливів.
До обов’язків Верховного Суду США входить тлумачення законів та конституції. Існують різні методи конституційної інтерпретації, вибір яких залежить від чіткості тексту конституції. Загальною рисою всіх методів конституційної інтерпретації є їх гнучкість, а тому розгляд більшості справ із застосуванням конституційного права не може обмежуватися традиційним способом інтерпретації тексту конституції. У більшості випадків нормативний акт порушує не конституцію, а принцип, який, на думку суду, закладено в конституції. Під час судового узгодження судді застосовують політичну, економічну та соціальну теорії в процесі прийняття конституційних рішень. Через це конституційна інтерпретація більш подібна до звичайного законотворення, ніж до інтерпретації нормативних актів.