Выбор между инфинитивом и герундием

В тех случаях, когда приходится выбирать, что употребить – инфинитив или герундий следует руководствоваться следующими тремя положениями:

1. Инфинитив обозначает более краткое или более конкретное проявление данного действия.

Герундий обозначает процесс, более продолжительное и более общее проявление данного действия.

2. Инфинитив по своему происхождению связан с будущим, с направлением к цели, которую еще нужно достичь. Герундий соответственно будет ассоциироваться с настоящим и прошлым.

Герундий	Инфинитив
He began working for this company in 1995. Он начал работать на эту компанию в 1995 году.	He began to work an hour ago. Он начал работать час назад.
I prefer going by air. Я предпочитаю летать самолетом.	I prefer to go by air. Я предпочитаю лететь самолетом.
Try standing up. Попробуй стоять.	Try to stand up. Попробуй встать.
I like his being nice to you. Мне нравится, что он хорошо к тебе относится.	I (would) like him to be nice to you. Я хотел бы, чтобы он к тебе хорошо относился.
I propose waiting till the doctor gets here. Я предлагаю подождать, пока не придет доктор.	I propose to start tomorrow. Я намереваюсь начать завтра.
I regret telling her what… Я сожалею, что уже сказал ей о том, что…	I regret to say you that… К сожалению, я должен сказать вам, что…
Глагол to forget: Забыть то, что уже сделано. I forgot answering his letter. Я забыл, что уже ответил на его письмо.	Забыть то, что нужно было сделать I forgot to answer his letter. Я забыл ответить на его письмо.
Глагол to remember: Помнить то, что уже сделано. I remember seeing you somewhere. Я помню, что уже видел вас где-то.	Помнить то, что нужно будет сделать. I remember to see you soon. Я помню, что мне нужно увидеться с вами вскоре.
Глагол to stop: Обозначает прекратить действие. They stopped smoking. Они перестали курить.	Обозначает остановиться, чтобы выполнить, начать действие. They stopped to smoke. Они остановились, чтобы покурить.

Для более глубокого усвоения грамматического материала рекомендуется выполнить следующие упражнения.

Упр.133. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление герундия.

1. Travelling by sea is pleasant. 2. He likes travelling by sea. 3. He thinks of travelling by sea. 4. After travelling by sea he wrote some articles about it. 5. Our travelling in the White Sea was rather long. 6. He likes reading books on economics. 7. They like getting up early. 8. Watching football matches can be exciting enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football. 9. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 10. Can you remember having seen the man before? 11. He was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him. 12. After being corrected by the teacher, the students’ papers were returned to them. 13. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 14. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the dining-room. 15. On being told the news she turned pale. 16. The place is worth visiting.

Упр.134. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий:

1. I avoided speaking to them about that matter. 2. She burst out crying. 3. They burst out laughing. 4. She denied having been at home that evening. 5. He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of traveling. 6. Excuse my leaving you at such a moment. 7. Fancy seeing her in tears! 8. Please forgive my interfering. 9. He gave up smoking a few years ago. 10. They went on talking. 11. He keeps insisting on my going to the south. 12. Oh, please, do stop laughing at him. 13. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question? 14. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 15. She could not help smiling.

Упр.135. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию герундия в предложениях.

1. On coming to London he had some difficulty in understanding spoken English. 2. Before starting on your trip abroad don't forget to provide yourself with a guidebook. 3. Observing the people, their way of life and their manners is more interesting that visiting picture galleries and palaces. 4. Don't try to see everything in a new foreign town. It is the same as trying to eat everything on the menu in a restaurant. 5. On hearing that we were from England people started asking us a lot of questions. 6. Speaking without thinking is shooting without aim. 7. Columbus died without realizing that he had made one of the greatest discoveries of his time. 8. There are projects for transforming the nature of the coast of the Arctic Ocean. 9. The storm prevented the ship from reaching the port in time.

Упр.136. Раскройте скобки, употребляя герундий в активной или пассивной форме:

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 5. Do you mind him (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6. He showed no sign of (to recognize) me. 7. She showed no sign of (to surprise). 8. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people’s business. 9. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 10. He was always ready for (to help) people. 11. He was very glad of (to help) in the difficulty. 12. On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play). 13. In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena. 14. The results of the experiment must be checked and re-checked before (to publish). 15. The watch requires (to repair). 16. The problem is not worth (to discuss).

Упр.137. Используйте герундий или инфинитив от глагола, данного в скобках.

1. I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike. 2. He agreed (buy) a new car. 3. The question is easy (answer). 4. The man asked me how (get) to the airport. 5. I look forward to (see) you at the weekend. 6. Are you thinking of (visit) London? 7. We decided (run) through the forest. 8. The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard. 9. She doesn't mind (work) the night shift. 10. I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 5. 11. We decided ( buy) a new car. 12. They've got some work (do). 13. Peter gave up (smoke). 14. He'd like (fly) an aeroplane. 15. I enjoy (write) picture postcards. 16. Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the shop? 17. Avoid (make) silly mistakes. 18. My parents wanted me (be) at home at 11 o'clock. 19.Idreamabout(build)abighouse. 20.I'mhoping(see)Lisa.

Ключи к упражнениям Упр.133. 1. Путешествовать морем очень приятно. 2. Ему нравится путешествовать морем. 3. Он думает о путешествии по морю. 4. После путешествия по морю, он написал несколько статей об этом. 5. Наше путешествие по Белому морю было довольно долгим. 6. Ему нравиться читать книги по экономике. 7. Им нравиться рано вставать.

8. Смотреть футбольные матчи может быть довольно интересно, но еще интереснее играть в футбол. 9. Она перестала приходить к нам и мне было интересно, что с ней произошло. 10. Ты можешь вспомнить, видел ли ты этого человека раньше? 11. Он как раз собирался уходить из клуба, когда носильщик его остановил. 12. После того как работы были проверены учителем, их вернули студентам. 13. Я прекрасно понимаю ваше желание начать работу немедленно. 14. Наконец он нарушил молчание приглашая каждого пройти в столовую. 15. Когда ей рассказали новости она побледнела. 16. Это место стоит посетить.

Упр.134. 1. Я избегал говорить с ними об этом деле. 2. Она разразилась слезами. 3. Они разразились смехом. 4. Она отрицала то, что была дома в тот вечер. 5. Ему нравилось рассказывать об удовольствии путешествия. 6. Извини, что я покидаю тебя в такой момент. 7. Только представь ее в слезах! 8. Пожалуйста, прости, что я вмешиваюсь. 9. Он бросил курить несколько лет назад. 10. Они продолжали говорить. 11. Он продолжает настаивать на том, чтобы я ехал на юг. 12. Пожалуйста, прекратите над ним смеяться. 13. Ты не возражаешь, если я задам тебе трудный вопрос? 14. Ты не возражаешь прийти снова через день-два? 15. Она не могла не улыбнуться.

Упр.135. 1. Когда он приехал в Лондон, у него были трудности в понимании разговорного английского. 2. Перед тем как путешествовать заграницей, не забудь захватить путеводитель. 3. Наблюдать за людьми, их образом жизни и манерами намного интереснее, чем посещать картинные галереи и дворцы. 4. Не пытайся увидеть все в новом иностранном городе. Это то же самое, что попробовать все блюда в меню в ресторане. 5. Услышав, что мы из Англии, люди начали задавать нам много вопросов. 6. Говорить не думая – все равно, что стрелять не целясь. 7. Колумб умер, не осознав, что он сделал одно из величайших открытий его времени. 8. Существуют проекты по изменению природы побережья Арктического океана. 9. Шторм не позволил кораблю прибыть в порт вовремя.

Упр.136. 1. speaking. 2. being spoken to. 3. sending. 4. being sent. 5. being examined. 6. recognizing. 7. being surprised. 8. interfering. 9. being interrupted. 10. helping. 11. being helped. 12. being allowed, playing. 13. making. 14. publishing. 15. repairing. 16. discussing.

Упр.137. 1. going. 2. to buy. 3. to answer. 4. to get . 5. seeing . 6. visiting. 7. to run. 8. to study. 9. working. 10. to ride. 11. to buy. 12. to do. 13. smoking. 14. to fly . 15. writing. 16. to do. 17. making. 18. to be . 19. building. 20. to see.

Работа с текстом

Упр.138. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

English-speaking countries

Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are English speaking countries. They are situated in different parts of the world and differ in many ways.

The nature of these countries, their weather and climate and way of life of their people differ. Each coutry has its own history customs, traditions, its own national holidays. But they all have a common language. English, the language of the people who left England to make their names in new countries.

The United Kindom of Great Britain and North Ireland consists of 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, Northen Ireland. The British Isles are group of islands lying off the noth-west coast of the continent of Europe. There are no high mountains, no very long rivers, no great forests in U.K. The population of the U.K. is almost fifty-six million.

The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The population of the USA is more than 236 million people. The USA is a highly develoed industrial country.

Canada has an area of nearly 10 million square kilometres. Its westen coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Canada is over 26 million people. Canada is a capitalist federal state and a member of the Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth of Australia territories are the continent of Australia, the island of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. Australia has an area of nearly eight million square kilometres. The population of Australia is over sixteen million people. The Commonwealth of Australia is a capitalist self- governing federal state.

New Zealand is situated south-east of Australia. The country consists of the large islands called North Island, South Island and Stewart Island and also many small islands. The population of New Zealand is over three million people. New Zealand is a capitalist self-governing state and a member of the Commonwealth.

Questions: 1. What English-speaking countries can you name? 2. What parts does the United Kingdom consist of? 3. What is the population of the UK? 4. Where is the USA situated? 5. What is the population of the USA? 6. What area does Canada have? 7. What is the population of Canada? 8. What area does Australia have? 9. What is the population of Australia? 10. Where is New Zeland situated? 11. What is the population of New Zeland?

Упр.139. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Great Britain

The full name of the country the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and a great number of small islands. Their total area is over 314 000 sq. km. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the West) and Scotland (the northern part of the island).

There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennines stretch down North England along its middle, the Cambrian mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia. Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The Thames is the deepest and the longest of the British rivers. Some of the British greatest ports are situated in the estuaries of the Thames, Mersey, Trent, Clyde and Avon. Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources, it has some deposits of coal and iron ore and vast deposits of oil and gas that were discovered in the North Sea.

The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not severely cold and summers are rarely hot. The population of the United Kingdom is over 58 million people. The main nationalities are: English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. In Great Britain there are a lot of immigrants from former British Asian and African colonies. Great Britain is a highly industrialized country. New industries have been developed in the last three decades. The main industrial centres are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol. The capital of the country is London. The United Kingdom is a parlamentary monarchy.

Questions: 1. Where is the United Kingdom situated? 2. What islands do the British Isles consist of? 3. What oceans and seas are the British Isles washed by? 4. How many parts does the Island of Great Britain consist of and what are they called? 5. What country does Northern Ireland border on? 6. Are there any high mountains in Great Britain? 7. What sea do most of the rivers flow into? 8. What mineral resources is Great Britain rich in? 9. What is the climate like in Great Britain? 10. What is the population of Great Britain? 11. What city is the capital of the U. K.? 12. What kind of state is Great Britain?

Упр.140. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago.

Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the West End, the East End and Westminster.

The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange.

Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there.

To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares.

To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there.

London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain.

The British Museum, the biggest museum in London, is famous for its library – one of the richest in the world.

Questions: 1. When was London founded? 2. What is the population of London? 3. Into which parts is London divided? 3. What is the heart of the City? 4. Why Westminster is the most important part of London? 5. What is the West End famous for? 6. What is there in the East End? 7. What places of interest in London can you name?

Упр.141. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Belarus in the modern world

The Republic of Belarus is situated in the centre of Europe. It borders on Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, the Ukrain, Russia and Poland.

Belarus is a developed industrial state. Industry makes up 70% of the Gross National Product. The main industries are engineering, chemical industry, wood-working industry, light and food industries. Belarussian goods are exported to many countries and known all over the world.

At present Belarus actively participates in an effective international partnership with the government of different states and international organizations. As co-founder of the United Nations Belarus contacts with various institutions and organizations of the United Nations, World Bank, World Health Organization, International Labor Organization, UNESCO, the European Union, etc. Belarus cooperates with such countries as Germany, Denmark, France, Canada, Italy, the Nederlands, Sweden, Great Britain, The USA and many others.

But our main trading partner is Russia.

Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. The Union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy.

Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Belarus has trade agreements with several European Union member states as well as with its neighbors Lithuania, Poland and Latvia.

Belarus has increased cooperation with China. Also Belarus has strong ties with Syria.

In addition to the CIS, Belarus has membership in the Eurasian Economic Community and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Belarus has been a member of the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998 and a member of the United Nations since its founding in 1945.

Questions: 1. What are the main industries in Belarus? 2. What international organizations does Belarus have contacts with? 3. What countries are the main trading partners of Belarus? 4. Is Belarus a member of any international organizations?