Подчинительные союзы

Подчинительные союзы присоединяют придаточное предложение к главному в сложноподчиненном предложении.

after – после того как	since – так как, поскольку; с тех пор как
as – в то время как; так как; как	so that – (для того) чтобы; с тем, чтобы
as … as – так (же) … как (и)	than – чем
as if (as though) – как будто (бы), как если бы	though – хотя
as long as – пока, до тех пор пока	that – что
as soon as – как только	till/until – до тех пор пока … не
because – потому что, так как	unless – если … не
before – прежде чем, перед тем как	when – когда
for – так как, ибо	whether – ли
if – если (бы); ли	while – пока, в то время как
in order that – (для того) чтобы

Союзные слова

Cоюзные слова отличаются от союзов тем, что они не только связывают придаточное предложение с главным, но и входят в состав придаточного предложения в качестве одного из его членов.

В качестве союзных слов используются:

а) относительные местоимения: that – который, what – что, which – который, who – кто, который, whose – чей, который:	I wonder who knows the truth. Интересно, кто знает правду.
б) наречия: how – как, when – когда, where – где, why – почему:	We came to a spot where the trees thinned and gave way to a sandy beach. Мы подошли к месту, где лес поредел и сменился песчаным пляжем.

Для более глубокого усвоения грамматического материала рекомендуется выполнить следующие упражнения.

Упр.120. Заполните пропуски в предложениях предлогами in / at / to / там, где это необходимо.

A. 1. He lives … Zielona Gora. 2. She went … home. 3.He went … his friend's house. 4. She arrived … Manchester for the celebrations. 5. I'm going to stay … home this weekend. 6. Joanna works … the hospital. 7. Why don't we go … the movies tonight? 8. I'm going to see Hania … France this summer. 9. I arrived … work early this morning. 10. She came …home early. 11. We stayed … the Mieszko Hotel. 12. They visited … England last summer. 13. She's going to travel … Finland this summer. 14. I'll be … school later today.

B. 1. Let's meet… seven o'clock. 2. He was born … July. 3. I went there … 1998. 4. She'll be at work …Thursday. 5. We met … Christmas day. 6. They drove to Barlinek … September 15th. 7. We arrived in this country … September. 8. I love to go shopping … Christmas time. 9. We get up early … the morning. 10. Do you dream … night? 11. What do you like doing … weekends? 12. He's working on his homework … the moment. 13. I lived in Holland … the 1990s. 14. I'll see you … a few weeks. 15. We like going to the cinema … Fridays.

Упр.121. Выберете из скобок нужный предлог.

1. They ran (across/opposite) the road. 2. I put my suitcase (on top of/ over) the wardrobe. 3. He put the ladder (against/up) the wall. 4. The snake moved quietly (through/across) the tall grass. 5. The mouse ran quickly (across/through) the path. 6. The cat walked slowly (on top of/ along) the wall. 7. We sat (on top of/along) the cliffs and watched the sea. 8. Someone pushed a letter (under/below) the door. 9. She drove (between/through) the gates. 10. I held the parcel (behind/past) my back. 11. They walked (in front of/past) the school gate. 12. I pushed my bike (over/above) the bridge. 13. The bank clerk stood (against/towards) the wall. 14. We waited (down/under) a tree.

Упр.122. Заполните пропуски нужными предлогами там, где это необходимо.

1. The dog ran … the tree five or six times. 2. We flew slowly … the suburbs of Paris. 3. I moved the baby … the fire. 4. The policeman went … the crowd and arrested a young man. 5. If you put some money … here, the machine will start. 6. They had nowhere to stay, so they slept … a bridge. 7. The town hall is … the library and the museum. 8. We watched the soldiers as they walked … our house on the way to the ship. 9. They ran out of the dressing-room … the football pitch. 10. London is … the south-east of England. 11. The dog stood … the door and waited. 12. They walked hand-in-hand … the side of the canal. 13. I held the rucksack … my back. 14. What have you got … your hand? 15. I threw the stone … the sea. 16. We crawled … a hole in the fence.

Упр.123. Заполните пропуски в предложениях cоюзами and / or / but / so.

1. I want to go to the supermarket ___buy some food. 2. I haven't got any money ____ I can't go out to the cinema. 3. Do you want to watch television ____ listen to some music? 4. I went to John's house ____ he wasn't there. 5. What would you like to drink? Tea ____ coffee? 6. I had a shower ____ then I got dressed. 7. I can help you ____ don't worry. 8. You must work hard ____ you will not pass the exam. 9. The weather is beautiful ____ we are going out for a picnic. 10. I can use a computer ____ I can't cook. 11. You should go home ____ have a rest. 12.Wemustleavenow____we'llmisstheplane.

Упр.124. Заполните пропуски в предложениях нужным союзом.

1. Jun couldn't buy any Christmas presents ________ he didn't have any money.

a) even though; b) because

2. ________ it was raining, I didn't get wet.

a) Because; b) Although

3. ________ my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations.

a) Since; b) Whereas

4. I will be late today ________ my car has broken down.

a) because; b) though

5. I don't drink coffee ________ it makes me nervous.

a) although; b) as

6. Jerry passed the exam first time ________ I had to retake it three times.

a) while; b) as

7. ________ Mei Li doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada.

a) Whereas; b) Since

8. Paula got the job ________ she had no experience.

a) even though; b) as

Ключи к упражнениям Упр.120. A. 1. In. 2. –. 3.To. 4. In. 5. At. 6. At. 7. To. 8. In. 9. At. 10. –. 11. At. 12. –. 13. To. 14. At. B. 1. At. 2. In. 3. In. 4. On. 5. On. 6. On. 6. In. 7. At. 8. In. 9. At. 10. At. 11. At. 12. In. 13. In. 14. On.

Упр.121. 1. Across. 2. On top of. 3. Against. 4. Through. 5. Across. 6. Along. 7. On top of. 8. Under. 9. Through. 10. Behind. 11. Past. 12. Over. 13. Against. 14. Under.

Упр.122. 1. Around. 2. Over. 3. To. 4. To. 5. –. 6. Under. 7. In front of. 8. Past. 9. To. 10. In. 11. At. 12. Along. 13. Behind. 14.In. 15. At. 16. Through.

Упр.123. 1. And. 2. So. 3. Or. 4. But. 5. Or. 6. And. 7. So. 8. Or. 9. And. 10. But. 11. And. 12. Or.

Упр.124. 1. Because. 2. Although. 3. Since. 4. Because. 5. As. 6. While. 7. Since. 8. Even though.

Работа с текстом

Упр.125. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Ecology

The word environment means simply what is around us. Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve the environmental problems that endanger people’s lives. The most serious environmental problems are: pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution), noise from cars, buses, planes, etc. , destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty , shortage of natural resources (metals, different kinds of fuel) , the growth of population.

Water pollution. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. “Nuclear-poisoned” fish can be eaten by people. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too.

Air pollution. Most of the pollution in big cities comes from cars and buses. More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth.

Man is beginning to understand that his environment is not just his own town or country, but the whole earth. That’s why people all over the world think and speak so much about ecology.

In recent years the environmental problems have become extremely urgent and received a great publicity. In some way they are the result of scientific and technological progress of the 20-th century.

Acid rains, nuclear and hydraulic power stations, radioactive and other poisonous materials, disposal of wastes became the global disasters. Cars are the one of the most harmful and dangerous polluters of air. In more than a hundred towns and cities the concentration of harmful substances in the air and water is over 10 times the admissible level.

Various public organizations make their best to change official and public opinion on the environmental problems. One of the most famous and strong organizations nowadays is "Green peace". The solution of the problems requires the cooperation the people's efforts in nature conservation.

Questions: 1. What does the word “environment” mean? 2. What are the most serious environmental problems? 3. Why have environmental problems become extremely urgent? 4. What are the main polluters? 5. What environmental protection organizations can you name?

Упр.126. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Ecological Problems

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell Belarus and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Belarus were polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries – members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Questions: 1. How did people live for thousands of years? 2. What environmental problems are there in modern cities? 3. What is the result of atmosphere pollution? 4. Why is environmental protection of a universal concern? 5. What are the initial steps in this direction?

Упр.127. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Environmental Pollution

People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowned rural areas and did not have pollution — causing machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become more important.

Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily worse. Since the late 1960's people have become alarmed with the danger of pollution.

Air, water, and soil are necessary for existence of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil, food can not be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet.

Pollution is both complicated and serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil.

Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually.

Scientists and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures to reduce pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.

Questions: 1. Why wasn't pollution such a serious problem earlier? 2. When have people become alarmed with the danger of pollution? 3. What can environmental pollution cause? 4. Why is pollution a complicated problem? 5. Can pollution be stopped immediately? 6. What can government and individuals do to reduce pollution?