Перевод глаголов в форме Passive

1. При помощи глагола "быть" и краткой формы страдательного причастия, причем в настоящем времени "быть" опускается.	I am invited to a party. Я приглашён на вечеринку. The letter was sent on Friday. Письмо было отправлено в пятницу.
2. Глагол в страдательном залоге переводится русским глаголом, оканчивающимся на –ся(-сь).	Bread is made from flour. Хлеб делается из муки. Answers are given in the written form. Ответы даются в письменном виде.
3. Неопределенно-личным предложением (подлежащее в переводе отсутствует; сказуемое стоит в 3-м лице множественного числа действительного залога). Этот способ перевода возможен только при отсутствии дополнения с предлогом by (производитель действия не упомянут).	The book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят. I was told that you’re ill. Мне сказали, что ты болен.

Обороты, состоящие из местоимения itс глаголом в страдательном залоге, переводятся неопределенно-личными оборотами:

It is said… Говорят…

It was said… Говорили…

Itisknown… Известно…

It was thought…Думали, полагали…

It is reported… Сообщают…

It was reported…Сообщали…и т.п.

Для более глубокого усвоения грамматического материала рекомендуется выполнить следующие упражнения.

Упр. 106. Составьте предложения, употребляя страдательный залог.

Simple Present

1) the documents / print; 2) the window / open; 3) the shoes / buy; 4) the car / wash; the litter / throw away; 5) the letter / send; 6) the book / read / not; 7)the songs / sing / not; 8) the food / eat / not; 9) the shop / close / not.

Simple Past

1) the test / write; 2) the table / set; 3) the cat / feed; 4) the lights / switch on; 5) the house / build; 6) dinner / serve ; 7) this computer / sell / not; 8) the car / stop / not; 9) the tables / clean / not; 10) the children / pick up / not.

Simple Future

1) the exhibition / visit; 2) the windows / clean; 3) the message / read; 4) the thief / arrest; 5) the photo / take; 6) these songs / sing; 7) the sign / see / not ; 8) a dictionary / use / not; 9) credit cards / accept / not; 10) the ring / find / not.

Present Perfect

1) the postcard / send; 2) the pencils / count; 3) the door / close; 4) the beds / make; 5) the mail / write; 6) the trees / plant; 7) the money / spend; 8) the room / book / not; 9) the rent / pay / not; 10) the people / inform / not

Упр. 107. Переведите, обращая внимание на залог:

1. He was much spoken about. 2. New subjects will be studied next term. 3. The text has already been written by them. 4. The text is being translated at the moment. 5. This book was written by our teacher. 6. The work will have been done when he comes. 7. The letter had been written before we came. 8. These toys are made in Japan. 9. They can be seen in our library every day. 10. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 11. The child was often left home alone. 12. These houses were built last year. 13. All letters had been written when we came. 14. This film is much spoken about. 15. The machine is being tested now. 16. His work has been already finished. 17. I was told to wait for him. 18. Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 19. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o’clock. 20. Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

Упр.108. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в нужном времени и залоге

Simple Present

1. He (sell) cars. 2. The blue car (sell) . 3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) than in winter. 4. She (call) her grandparents every Friday. 5. The letters (type) . 6. He (take) his medicine every day. 7. Jane (take / not) to school by her father. 8. We (go) to school by bus. 9. She (work / not) for a bank. 10. Milk (keep) in the refrigerator.

Simple Past

1. They (visit) their granny. 2. We (visit) by our teacher. 3. My friend Paul (bear) in Dallas. 4. She (go) to school in Boston. 5. Antony (grow up) in the country. 6. The new shopping centre (build) last year. 7. The film (produce / not) in Hollywood. 8. Barbara (know) James very well. 9. The jewels (hide / not) in the cellar. 10. We (spend / not) all day on the beach.

Future Simple

1. The house (build) here. 2. You (send) home. 3. I (eat) an ice-cream. 4. We (go) home now. 5. I (help) you. 6. The match (win / not) by our team. 7. The weather (improve / not) tomorrow. 8. The trees (cut) down. 9. The meeting (cancel / not) . 10. They (do / not) that again.

Present Perfect

1. The car (steal) . 2. I (bake) a cake. 3. My friends (buy) a house. 4. The cup (put) on the table. 5. Trees (plant) in the street. 6. The boy (fall / not) off his bike. 7. I (bite / not) by a snake. 8. He (step) on my toe. 9. We (walk) all the way home. 10.She(pickup/not)byafriend.

Упр.109. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в нужном времени и залоге:

1. I’m not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. She was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read). 8. Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination. 9. Usually this street (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10. This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday; it (find) by the teacher. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12. This room (not use), for a long time. 13. The children are very excited this morning. They (take) to the circus this afternoon.

Упр.110. Перепишите предложения, употребляя страдательный залог.

Simple Present

1. He opens the door. 2. We set the table. 3. She pays a lot of money. 4. I draw a picture. 5. They wear blue shoes. 6. They don't help you. 7. He doesn't open the book. 8. You do not write the letter. 9. Does your mum pick you up? 10. Does the police officer catch the thief?

Future Simple

1. Jane will buy a new computer. 2. Her boyfriend will install it. 3. Millions of people will visit the museum. 4. Our boss will sign the contract. 5. You will not do it. 6. They will not show the new film. 7. He won't see Sue. 8. They will not ask him. 9. Will the company employ a new worker? 10. Will the plumber repair the shower?

Present Perfect

1. Kerrie has paid the bill. 2. I have eaten a hamburger. 3. We have cycled five miles. 4. I have opened the present. 5. They have not read the book. 6. You have not sent the parcel. 7. We have not agreed to this issue. 8. They have not caught the thieves. 9. Has she phoned him? 10. Have they noticed us?

Modal Verbs

1. I can answer the question. 2. She may carry the box. 3. You should open the window. 4. We might play cards. 5. You ought to wash the car. 6. He must fill in the form. 7. They need not buy bread. 8. He could not read the sentence. 9. Must the teacher test our English? 10. Could Jenny lock the door?

Present Continuous

1. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. 2. My father is washing the car. 3. Farmer Joe is milking the cows. 4. She is taking a picture of him. 5. I am writing a poem. 6. We are not playing football. 7. He is not wearing a tie. 8. Is she preparing the party? 9. Are they talking about the meeting? 10. Is she watering the flowers?

Past Continuous

1. We were talking about Francis. 2. He was playing the guitar. 3. She was watching a film. 4. I was repairing their bikes. 5. They were not eating dinner. 6. We were not painting the gate. 7. You were not driving him home. 8. He was not feeding the dogs. 9. Was she reading these lines? 10. Were they carrying bags?

Past Perfect

1. I had worn blue shoes. 2. Joe had cleaned the tables. 3. We had lost the key. 4. They had started a fight. 5. I had read an article. 6. I had not closed the window. 7. They had not bought the paper. 8. She had not noticed me. 9. Had she solved the problem? 10. Had he recorded that song?

Future Perfect

1. Frank will have ordered the drinks. 2. You will have spent all the money. 3. I will have taken the dog for a walk. 4. She will have sold the car. 5. They will have solved the problem. 6. She will not have read the book. 7. They will not have trusted him. 8. He won't have rung Barbara. 9. Will they have paid the bill? 10. Will you have washed my socks?

Ключи к упражнениям Упр.106. Simple Present 1) The documents are printed. 2) The window is opened. 3) The shoes are bought. 4) The car is washed. The litter is thrown away. 5) The letter is sent. 6) The book is not read. 7) The songs are not sung. 8) The food is not eaten. 9) The shop is not closed.

Simple Past

1) The test was written. 2) The table was set. 3) The cat was fed. 4) The lights were switched on. 5) The house was built. 6) The dinner was served. 7) This computer was not sold. 8) The car was not stopped. 9) The tables were not cleaned. 10) The children were not picked up.

Simple Future

1) The exhibition will be visited. 2) The windows will be cleaned. 3) The message will be read. 4) The thief will be arrested. 5) The photo will be taken. 6) These songs will be sung. 7) The sign will not be seen. 8) A dictionary will not be used. 9) Credit cards will not be accepted. 10) The ring will not be found.

Present Perfect

1) The postcard has been sent. 2) The pencils have been counted. 3) The door has been closed. 4) The beds have been made. 5) The mail has been written. 6) The trees have been planted. 7) The money has been spent. 8) The room has not been booked. 9) The rent has not been paid. 10) The people have not been informed.

Упр. 107. 1. О нем много говорили. 2. Новые предметы будут изучаться в следующем семестре. 3. Текст был уже написан ими. 4. Текст сейчас переводят. 5. Книга была написана нашим учителем. 6. Работа будет сделана к тому времени когда он придет. 7. Письмо было написано до того, как мы пришли. 8. Игрушки сделаны в Японии. 9. Их можно увидеть в нашей библиотеке каждый день. 10. Делегацию возглавляет премьер-министр. 11. Ребенка часто оставляли дома одного. 12. Эти дома были построены в прошлом году. 13. Все письма были написаны к тому времени, когда мы пришли. 14. Об этом фильме много говорят. 15. Машину испытывают сейчас. 16. Его работа уже окончена. 17. Мне сказали подождать его. 18. На ваше письмо ответят к понедельнику. 19. Эксперимент проводился с 10 до 12. 20. Детей до 16 здесь не принимают.

Упр.108. Simple Present

1. Sells. 2. Is sold . 3. Is eaten. 4. Calls. 5. Are typed . 6. Takes. 7. Is not taken. 8. Go. 9. Doesn’t work. 10. Is kept.

Simple Past

1. Visited. 2. Were visited. 3. Was born. 4. Went. 5. Grew up. 6. Was built. 7. Was not produced. 8. Knew. 9. Were not hidden. 10. Did not spend.

Future Simple

1. Will be built. 2. Will be sent. 3. Shall eat. 4. Shall go. 5. Shall help. 6. Will not be won. 7. Will not improve. 8. Will not be cut. 9. Will not be cancelled. 10. Will not do.

Present Perfect

1. Has been stolen. 2. Have baked. 3. Have bought. 4. Has been put. 5. Have been planted. 6. Hasn’t fallen. 7. Haven’t bitten. 8. Has stepped. 9. Have walked. 10. Hasn’t been picked up.

Упр.109. 1. Will be returned. 2. Will have been exhibited. 3. Why wasn’t your home task done? 4. Will be operated. 5. Is used. 6. Must not be left. 7. Is not read. 8. May not be used. 9. Is swept, was not swept. 10. Was left, was found. 11. Are built. 12. Has not been used. 13. Will be taken.

Упр.110. Simple Present

1. The door is opened by him. 2. The table is set by us. 3. A lot of money is paid by her. 4. A picture is drawn by me. 5. Blue shoes are worn by them. 6.You are not helped by them. 7. The book is not opened by him. 8. The letter is not written by you. 9. Are you picked up by your mum? 10. Is the thief caught by the police officer?

Future Simple

1. A new computer will be bought by Jane. 2. It will be installed by her boyfriend. 3. The museum will be visited by millions of people. 4. The contract will be signed by the boss. 5. It will not be done. 6. The new film will not be shown by them. 7. Sue won’t be seen. 8. He will not be asked. 9. Will a new worker be employed by the company? 10. Will the shower be repaired by the plumber?

Present Perfect

1. The bill has been paid by Kerrie. 2. A hamburger has been eaten by me. 3. Five miles have been cycled by us. 4. The present has been opened by me. 5. The book has not been read by them. 6. The parcel has not been sent. 7. This issue has not been agreed. 8. The thieves have not been caught. 9. Has he been phoned? 10. Have we been noticed?

Modal Verbs

1. The question can be answered. 2. The box may be carried. 3. The window should be opened. 4. Cards might be played. 5. The car oudght to be washed. 6. The form must be filled in. 7. Bread need not be bought. 8. The sentence could not be read. 9. Must our English be tested by the teacher? 10. Could the door be locked by Jenny?

Present Continuous

1. A cup of tea is being drunk by Sheila. 2. The car is being washed by my father. 3. The cows are being milked by farmer Joe. 4. A picture of him is being taken. 5. A poem is being written. 6. Football is not being played. 7. A tie is not being worn. 8. Is the party being prepared? 9. Is the meeting being talked about? 10. Are the flowers being watered?

Past Continuous

1. Francis was being talked about. 2. The guitar was being played. 3. A film was being watched. 4. Their bikes were being repaired by me. 5. Dinner was not being eaten. 6. The gate was not being painted. 7. He was not being driven home. 8. The dogs were not being fed. 9. Were these lines being read? 10. Were the bags being carried?

Past Perfect

1. Blue shoes had been worn. 2. The tables had been cleaned. 3. The key had been lost. 4. A fight had been started. 5. An article had been read. 6. The window had not been closed. 7. The paper had not been bought. 8. I had not been noticed. 9. Had the problem been solved? 10. Had the song been recorded?

Future Perfect

1. The drinks will have been ordered. 2. All the money will have been spent. 3. The dog will have been taken for a walk. 4. The car will have been sold. 5. The problem will have been solved. 6. The book will not have been read. 7. He will not have been trusted. 8. Barbara won’t have been rung. 9. Will the bill have been paid? 10. Will my socks have been washed?

Работа с текстом

Упр. 111. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Education

Education is a key to a good future. And schools are the first step on the education-way.

Education in Belarus.

The public educational system in Belarus includes pre-schools, general schools, specialised secondary and higher education. So-called pre-schools are kindergartens in fact. Children there learn reading, writing and maths. But pre-school education isn't compulsory – children can get it at home. Compulsory education is for children from 6(7) to 17 years of age. The main branch in the system of education is the general schools which prepare the younger generation for life and work. There are various types of schools: general secondary schools, schools specialising in a certain subject, high schools, gymnasiums and so on. The term of study in a general secondary school is 11 years and consists of primary, middle and upper stages. At the middle stage of a secondary school children learn the basic laws of nature and society at the lessons of history, algebra, literature, physics and many others. After 9th form pupils have to sit for examinations. Also they have a choice between entering the 10th grade of a general secondary school or going to professional school. Pupils who finish the general secondary school, receive a secondary education certificate, giving them the right to enter any higher educational establishment. One has to study in the institute for 5 years.

Education in Britain

In England and Wales compulsory school begins at the age of five, but before that age children can go to a nursery school, also called play school. School is compulsory till the children are 16 years old.

In Primary School and First School children learn to read and write and the basis of arithmetic. In the higher classes of Primary School (or in Middle School) children learn geography, history, religion and, in some schools, a foreign language. Then children go to the Secondary School.

When students are 16 years old they may take exams in various subjects in order to have a qualification. These qualifications can be either G.C.S.E. (General Certificate of Secondary Education) or "O level" (Ordinary level). After that students can either leave school and start working or continue their studies in the same school as before. If they continue, when they are 18, they have to take further examinations which are necessary for getting into university or college.

Some parents choose private schools for their children. They are very expensive but considered to provide a better education and good job opportunities.

Higher educational institutions train students in one or several specialisations. In England there are 47 universities, including the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education. The oldest universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Generally, universities award two kinds of degrees: the Bachelor's degree and the Master's degree.

Questions:

Education in Belarus

1. What types of schools does the educational system of Belarus include? 2. Is pre-school education compulsory? 3. What is the main branch in the system of education? 4. What types of schools are there in Belarus? 5. What right does the secondary education certificate give?

Education in Britain

1. When does compulsory school begin? 2. What subjects do children learn in Primary School? 3. What exams do students have to take when they are 16? 4. Do students have to leave school at the age of 16 or to continue their studies? 5. How do private schools differ from the regular ones? 6. How many universities are there in England? 7. What is the Open University? 8. What degrees do universities award?

Упр. 112. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Belarusian state agricultural academy

Belarusain state Agricultural Academy was founded on April 24, 1836. Its first name was Gory-Goretskaya agricultural school.

The Belarusian State Agricultural Academy is one of the oldest agricultural establishments in the Republic of Belarus.

There are nine faculties at the Academy: agronomy department, zoo-engineering department, land use planning deparment, farm mechanization department, economics department, business and law, bookkeeping deparment, hydro melioration and consctruction deparment, agricultural ecological department.

The Academy comprises more than 50 chairs, an experimental farm, experimental fields, repair shops and a printing house.

The Academy occupies sixteen study buildings. Numerous tutorial rooms, lecture halls, an assembly hall, laboratories, a well-stocked library are at students’ disposal.

There more 800 teachers at our Academy, among them there are professors, Doctors of Science, assistant professors, Candidates of Science. They give lectures and practical instructions and carry out research work in different spheres of knowledge.

More than ten thousand students study at the Academy. A lot of students get shcolarships, many of them are provided with hostel accommodation. There is an extra-murial department at the Academy too.

The Academy has a good deal of contacts with foreign educational establishments and it also cooperates with research institutes abroad. Many delegations from FraGce, germany, Poland and other countries visit the Academy.

Questions: 1. What educatioan establishment do you study at? 2. When was the Academy founded? 3. What year student are you? 4. What department do you study at? 5. Are you a full time student or a student by correspondence? 6. How many faculties are there at the Academy? What are they? 7. Does the Academy have a big library? 8. How many students study at the Academy?

Упр. 113. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Sport

Tastes differ. Different people like different things, different people have different hobbies.

I go in for sports, I like to play tennis. I go to play tennis every day. Sport is very important part of our life. Many people go in for sports: jogging, walking, swimming, skating, skiing.

Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils play volleyball, football, basketball. I have been playing tennis for 5 years. Tennis became very popular now. I take part in different competitions.

To be in a good shape I jog every morning and do my morning exercises. Everyone should do all he can to stay healthy and choose the sport he is interested in. I do not understand people who say that they like sport, but they only watch sport on TV.

If one goes in for sports he feels much better, looks much better, sleeps much better. Your physical appearance will change too. You will be slimmer and trimmer. And what is even more important you will not get sick often.

Why do I go in for sports? Because I think that it is very important for a man to be strong and well-built. Sport is not for the weak, because, you have to learn how to lose, and it's not easy. My favourite proverb says: "A sound mind in sound body".

Questions: 1. What is your hobby? 2. Do you go in for sports? 3.What sports do you go in for? 4. Do you like summer (winter) sports? 5. What must people do to be in a good shape?

Упр. 114. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Leisure activities

– What do you usually do in your leisure time?

– Unfortunately, as I have not had much free time this year, I have done my best to spend it wisely. It is known, that people can do all kinds of things in their spare time. They go shopping, play football, collect records or stamps. Of course, some of the time activities, like visiting relatives or taking driving lessons, may not be fun. In big cities people spend their free time by going to the theatre, cinema, museums, art galleries, concert hall, fitness or disco clubs. When I have some free time I can choose any of them. But when the weather is fine, I like to go for a walk along the streets of the city with my friends, enjoying its architecture.

– Are you fond of collecting anything?

– No, I am not. I have not enough time to collect anything. My friend collects coins. His collection is rather rich. Coins of different countries are gathered there. Moreover, he has a lot of books devoted to numismatics and albums picturing the coin collections of different museums.

– Do you like to read books?

– Yes, I do. I am fond of reading books.

– What books do you like to read?

– I am fond of science fiction.

– Whose works do you like most?

– The works of such science-fiction writers as Ray Bradbury, Frank Herbert, Harlan Ellison, Poul Anderson, Ursula K. LeGuin, Frederik Pohl became best-sellers. These writers' approaches included predictions of future societies on the Earth, analyses of the consequences of interstellar travel, and imaginative explorations of forms of intelligent life and their societies in other worlds.

– Is it difficult for a person to have a hobby?

– No, I don't think so. I can say that there are a lot of ways of spending one's free time. I always have a lot to do in my leisure time. It is great to have some free time and do what is really pleasant.

Questions: 1. What do you usually do in your leisure time? 2. Are you fond of collecting anything? 3. Do you like to read books? 4. What books do you like to read? 5. Do you like to go to the cinema? 6. Is it difficult for a person to have a hobby?