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Английский / Гидрофак Англ. яз

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Утверждено на заседании кафедры английского языка.

Протокол № 3 от 11 ноября 2015 г.

Задания

по дисциплине «Английский язык»

студентам заочного отделения инженерного факультета

по специальности 1-740501 «мелиорация и водное хозяйство»,

1-740401 «сельское строительство и обустройство территорий»

для самостоятельной подготовки к сессии в 2014- 2015 г.

Теоретическая часть (знание грамматического материала будет проверяться в форме тестовых заданий во время сессии).

Студенты должны повторить следующие разделы грамматики английского языка:

Существительное. Образование форм множественного числа. Притяжательный падеж. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные. Употребление артикля. Существительное в роли определения и его перевод на русский язык.

Местоимения. Личные местоимения (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). Притяжательные местоимения (my/mine, your/yours, her/hers, his, its, our/ours, their/theirs). Указательные местоимения (this – these, that – those). Вопросительные местоимения. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения (some, any, no) и их производные.

Количественные слова и выражения (much/many, little/few, a little/a few)

Прилагательные и наречия. Способы образования сравнительной и превосходной степени. Сравнительные конструкции.

Видовременные формы английского глагола в активном залоге.

Present Simple; Present Continuous; Past Simple; Future Simple;

Практическая часть (тексты для домашнего чтения)

Дома со словарем прочитать пять текстов. Незнакомые слова и выражения из каждого текста выписать в тетрадь по абзацам. Во время сессии при сдаче домашнего чтения тетрадями с новыми словами можно пользоваться, нельзя пользоваться готовым переводом.

Text 1. Eurasia

Text 2 The Mediterranean

Text 3. The Netherlands

Text 4. Japan

Text 5. Bangladesh

Text 1 EURASIA

Eurasia’s dominance in world history is explained by its great extent, climate zones, and the availability of Eurasian animals and plants suitable for domestication. The Silk Road symbolizes trade and cultural exchange linking Eurasian cultures through history. The Silk Road is an ancient route along which silk was carried from China and across central Asia to the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe.

Agriculture includes large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and the use of a specialized labour force. Sumerians were the first to start practising agriculture about 5,500 BC. In Sumer, barley was the primary crop; wheat, flax, dates, apples, plums, and grapes were grown as well. Mesopotamia was blessed with flooding from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but floods came in late spring or early summer from snow melting from the Anatolian mountains. This, along with salt deposits in the soil, made farming in Mesopotamia difficult. Sheep and goats were also domesticated, kept mainly for meat and milk, butter and cheese being made from the latter. The land was plowed by teams of oxen pulling light unwheeled plows and grain was harvested with sickles in the spring. Wagons had solid wheels covered by leather tires kept in position by copper nails and were drawn by oxen. Animals were harnessed by collars, yokes, and headstalls. They were controlled by reins, and a ring through the nose or upper lip and a strap under the jaw. As many as four animals could pull a wagon at one time.

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Text 2 THE MEDITERRANEAN

The Mediterranean Sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region: the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Levantine, Roman, Moorish and Turkish cultures.

There was a great deal of commerce between the provinces of the Roman Empire. All the regions of the empire became interdependent with one another. Some provinces specialized in the production of grain, others in wine and others in olive oil, depending on the soil type. Cows provided milk, oxen and mules did the heavy work on the farm. Sheep and goats were cheese producers, but were prized even more for their hides. Horses were not important to Roman farmers, most were raised by the rich for racing or war. Sugar production centered on beekeeping. Some Romans raised snails as luxury items. Some crops grown on Roman farms include wheat, barley, millet, pea, bean, lentil, flax, sesame, chickpea, hemp, turnip, olive, pear, apple, fig, and plum.

The Romans are remembered especially as skilled and effective soldiers, who gradually gained control of the whole of Italy and then of large parts of Europe (including Britain), north Africa, and western Asia. The Romans were great builders and engineers, who built roads, water supply systems, and many large public buildings. They are also remembered for the public shows in which gladiators fought and killed each other and Christians were killed by lions.

1257

Text 3 THE NETHERLANDS

The Netherlands is a country in NW Europe which is a member of the EU. The government is based in The Hague. Most of the country is flat and large parts of it are below sea level. The size of the Netherlands has been increased by draining land that was formerly under the sea and building a system of dikes to keep the sea back.

Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese and pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands. The country is also known for its less strict attitude towards drugs, especially cannabis. The Dutch rank third worldwide in the value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. Exports include fresh-cut plants, flowers, and bulbs. Holland also exports a quarter of all world tomatoes, and 1/3 of the world’s exports of peppers and cucumbers.

Holland has had many well-known painters, such as Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh. Holland is the country of philosophers Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens discovered Saturn’s moon Titan and invented the pendulum clock. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe single-celled organisms with a microscope.

955

Text 4 JAPAN

Japan is a country in East Asia consisting of four large islands and many smaller ones. Japan is an ancient civilization but during the 1970s and 1980s it became a rich country with advanced industries, known especially for making cars and electronic goods. When people in the US and UK think of Japan, they typically think of its industrial products and of parts of its traditional culture, such as geishas wearing beautiful kimonos and sumo wrestlers.

Japan is a developed country with high living standards and the longest life expectancy in the world. Most of the islands are mountainous, and there are many earthquakes. Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Only 12% of Japan’s land is suitable for cultivation. Due to this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. This results in one of the world’s highest levels of crop yields per unit area. Although Japan is usually self-sufficient in rice and wheat, the country must import about 50% of other grain and fodder crops.

Japan imports large quantities of wheat, sorghum, and soybeans, primarily from the United States. Japan is the largest market for EU agricultural exports. Pears and oranges were first introduced by Dutch traders, in Nagasaki in the late 18th century. Japan ranks second in the world behind the People’s Republic of China in tonnage of fish caught. Among the many fish species caught are sardines, tuna, crab, shrimp, salmon, squid, and mackerel.

1221

Text 5 BANGLADESH

Bangladesh is a country in South Asia which separated from Pakistan in 1971 to become an independent nation. Population: 152,518,015 (2012). Capital: Dhaka. Bangladesh is the eighth most populous country in the world and is among the most densely populated countries with a high poverty rate. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are becoming important. Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed.

Worker in a paddy field is a common scene throughout Bangladesh. Two thirds of the population work in the agricultural sector. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Bangladesh’s labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions.

Agricultural improvement includes better flood control and irrigation, more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. However, population pressure continues to place a severe burden on production capacity, creating a food deficit.

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