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Учебный блок 1.2.1

Вы должны знать:

1. Грамматика:

время глагола Present, Past, Future Perfect;

Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous;

модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Лекика по темам: “The Republic of Belarus”, “Minsk”, “My native town”,“Customs and traditions”

Вы должны уметь:

Использовать знания грамматики при переводе текстов, а затем в монологической речи по темам: “The Republic of Belarus”, “Minsk”, “My native town”,“Customs and traditions”

Инструкция к работе

Прочитайте грамматический материал по теме блока и последовательно выполняйте все задания, следуя указаниям.

Настоящее совершенное время (Present Perfect)

Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола – Past Participle (III-я форма или ed-форма). На русский язык переводится прошедшим временем.

Ihaveknownhimsincechildhood.– Я знаю его с детства.

Shehastravelledmuch. – Она много путешествовала.

Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола have(has) перед подлежащим:

Whathaveyoudone? – Что ты сделал?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

He has not learned the poem by heart. – Он не выучил стихотворение наизусть.

Утвердительная форма

Вопросительная форма

Отрицательная форма

He

She has played

It

I

We

You have played

They

he

Has she played?

it

I

Have we played?

you

they

He

She hasn’t played

It

I

We

You haven’t played

They

Настоящее совершенное время употребляется:

1) для выражения действия или состояния, начавшегося в прошлом и уже завершившегося к моменту речи, если необходимо подчеркнуть, что результат свершившегося имеет значение в настоящий момент. 

I have read this book.

Я прочитал эту книгу. (Сейчас знаю ее содержание или, теперь могу дать тебе)

2) с обстоятельственными словами, обозначающими период времени, который еще не закончился: today  – сегодня; this week  – на этой неделе; this month –  в этом месяце ; this year –  в этом году; this morning – сегодня утром.

I haven’t seen Peter today.

Я не видел Петра сегодня.

3) с наречиями неопределенного времени и частотности:

never –  никогда; ever  – когда-либо; often  – часто; seldom – редко; already  – уже; just   –  только что; lately – в последнее время, недавно; by now – уже, к настоящему времени; up to nowдо настоящего момент; yet – еще (в вопросах и отрицаниях).

Наречия never, ever, often, seldom, already, just – обычно находятся перед смысловым глаголом; наречия lately, recently, by now, up to now, yet – в конце предложения.

I’m sure we have never met before.

Я уверен, мы никогда раньше не встречались.

I haven’t completed this task yet.

Я еще не выполнил это задание.

4) для обозначения всего периода времени обычно используется предлог for в течение: for a few daysв течение нескольких дней, for an hourв течение часа и т.п.

I have known her for years.

Я знаю ее много лет.

Для более глубокого усвоения грамматического материала рекомендуется выполнить следующие упражнения.

Упр.67. Напишите следующие предложения в настоящем совершенном времени.

a) The following people have just completed an action.

1. Bob / visit / his grandma.

2. Jimmy / play / on the computer.

3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car.

4. Andrew / repair / his bike.

5. Phil / help / Anne with maths.

6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film.

7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend.

8. Bridgette / draw / a picture.

9. Carol / read / a computer magazine.

10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant.

b) In a contest, people get the chance to do something they've never done before. This is what the participants told the jury:

1. Fergal / never / sail / on the Pacific.

2. Rebecca / never / stay / at a five-star hotel.

3. Jason / never / watch / a world-cup final.

4. Rachel and Gareth / never / climb / Mount Kilimanjaro.

5. Elaine / never / see / a whale.

6. Ruth / never / spend / her holiday in Mexico.

7. Connor / never / be / to Canada.

8. Lisa and Holly / never / cycle / around England.

9. Barry / never / drive / a Ferrari.

10. Clare / never / meet / Mickey Mouse.

Упр.68. Образуйте отрицательную форму предложений в Present Perfect.

The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores:

1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes.

2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen.

3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants.

4. Joey / not / make his bed.

5. David / not / buy milk.

6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's.

7. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework.

8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms.

9. Alex / not / feed the hamster.

10. Hazel / not / empty the bin.

Упр. 69. Образуйте вопросительную форму предложений в Present Perfect.

1. you / answer / the question?

2. Jenny / lock / the door?

3. Walter / call / us?

4. you / see / the picture?

5. your parents / get / the letter?

6. it / rain / a lot?

7. how often / we / sing / the song?

8. Maureen / watch / the film?

9. how many books / Bob / read?

10. ever / you / be / to London?

Упр.70. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в форме Present Perfect.

1. I (to be) in London this year. 2. We (to see) this film before. 3. He (not to met) his parents. 4. She (to hear) this music before. 5. I (to write) a new book this month. 6. They (not to finish) their work yet. 7. Alan (not to have) his breakfast. 8. Cathy (not to get) up yet. 9. Martin (not to wash) up yet. 10. We (not to tell) him the truth. 11. You (to mention) my name? 12. Your mother already (to come)? 13. Where Martin (to go)? 14. Why John (to take) this book? 15. Jane (to be) at the theatre this week?

Упр.71. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie. 2. Sam (arrive) in San Diego a week ago. 3. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) much fun since I (be) a kid. 6. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) working here three years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) to include more than 2000 full-time workers. 7. I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) off into the forest and (be) bitten by a snake. 8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be) late to work too many times. You are fired! 9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami. 10. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 11. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the last time I (see) you. You (grow) at least a foot! 12. This tree (be) planted by the settlers who (found) our city over four hundred years ago. 13. This mountain (be, never) climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try) to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die) trying to reach the summit. 14. I (visit, never) Africa, but I (travel) to South America several times. The last time I (go) to South America, I (visit) Brazil and Peru. I (spend) two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly) over the Nazca Lines.

Ключи к упражнениям

Упр.67. a) 1. Bob has visited his grandma. 2. Jimmy has played on the computer. 3. Sue and Walter have washed their car. 4. Andrew has repaired his bike. 5. Phil has helped Anne with maths. 6. Brad and Louise have watched a film. 7. Tamara has talked to her best friend. 8. Bridgette has drawn a picture. 9. Carol has read a computer magazine. 10. Tom and Alice have been to a restaurant.

b) 1. Fergal has never sailed on the Pacific. 2. Rebecca has never stayed at a five-star hotel. 3. Jason has never watched a world-cup final. 4. Rachel and Gareth have never climbed Mount Kilimanjaro. 5. Elaine has never seen a whale. 6. Ruth has never spent her holiday in Mexico. 7. Connor has never been to Canada. 8. Lisa and Holly have never cycled around England. 9. Barry has never driven a Ferrari. 10. Clare has never met Mickey Mouse.

Упр.68. 1. Sarah hasn’t washed the dishes. 2. Anita hasn’t cleaned the kitchen. 3. Maureen and Gavin haven’t watered the plants. 4. Joey hasn’t made his bed. 5. David hasn’t bought milk. 6. Lisa hasn’t been to the baker's. 7. Aran and Jack haven’t done their homework. 8. Jane and Ben haven’t tidied up their rooms. 9. Alex hasn’t fed the hamster. 10. Hazel hasn’t emptied the bin.

Упр. 69. 1. Have you answered the question? 2. Has Jenny locked the door? 3. Has Walter called us? 4. Have you seen the picture? 5. Have your parents got the letter? 6. Has it rained a lot? 7. How often have we sung the song? 8. Has Maureen watched the film? 9. How many books has Bob read? 10. Have you ever been to London?

Упр.70. 1. Have been. 2. Have seen. 3. Hasn’t met. 4. Has heard. 5. Have written. 6. Haven’t finished. 7. Hasn’t had. 8. Hasn’t got. 9. Hasn’t washed. 10. Haven’t told. 11. Have you mentioned? 12. Has you mother come? 13. Where has Martin gone? 14. Why has John taken this book? 15. Has Jane been at the theatre this week?

Упр.71. 1. Have never seen. 2. Arrived. 3. Have known. 4. Wrote. 5. Haven’t had, was. 6. Have changed, started, had, have expanded. 7. Told, wandered, was. 8. Have missed. Have been. 9. Has never seen. 10. Has become. Took . Was. Have changed. 11. Have changed, saw. Have grown. 12. Was, founded. 13. Has never been climbed. Tried, has ever succeeded . Died. 14. Have never visited, traveled. Went, visited. Spent, hiked, flied.

 

Прочитайте грамматический материал по теме блока и последовательно выполняйте все задания, следуя указаниям.