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Appendix. Use the table to tell about the four major geophysical methods used in oil exploration. Summary of the four major geophysical methods

Method

Field

Geologic Application

Action and Control

I. Gravitational

A. Torsion balance

Oil

Anticlinal structures; buried ridges; salt domes;

faults; intrusions

Spontaneous Action

No depth Control

B. Pendulum

C. Gravimeter

Salt domes; buried ridges; major structural trends

II. Magnetic

Oil, mining

Anticlinal structures; buried ridges; intrusions; faults; iron ore, pyrhotite, and associated iron ores; gold placers

III. Electrical

A. Self-potential

Mining

Sulfide ore bodies

B. Galvanic application of primary energy

1. Potential distribution of secondary field measured

(a) Equipotential, potential profile

(b) Resistivity

(c) Potential-drop ratio

Mining, civil engineering, oil

General stratigraphic and structural conditions; bedrock depth on dam sites; ground water; oil structures; sulfide ore bodies; highway problems; electrical logging

Reaction to Energizing Fields

Control of Depth Penetration

2. Electromagnetic field measured

Mining

Sulfide ore bodies

C. Inductive application of primary energy

Oil, mining

Faults; anticlinal, etc., structure; sulfide ore bodies

IV. Seismic

A. Refraction

Oil, civil engineering

Salt domes; anticlinal etc., structures; faults; foundation & highway problems

B. Reflection

Oil

Low-dip structures; buried ridges; faults

(C.A. Heiland. Geophysical Exploration. NY, 1940)

References

1.

D.H. Griffiths, R.F. King Applied Geophysics for Geologists and Engineers. The Elements of Geophysical Prospecting. Oxford, 1981

2.

C.A. Heiland. Geophysical Exploration. New York, 1940

3.

Robert E. Sheriff's Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics

4.

M. T. Sylvia, E.A. Robinson. Deconvolution of Geophysical Time Series in the Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, 1979

5.

В.С. Белоусов. Нефтегазовая промышленность. Основные процессы и англо-русская терминология. – Москва: OOO «Техинпут», 2006.

INTERNET RESOURCES

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.nj.gov/dep/njgs/geophys/seis.htm

http://www.ig.utexas.edu/about/history/reflection.htm?PHPSESSID=def1b9

http://www.geomore.com/Oil%20and%20Gas%20Traps.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/missing-gravity.htm

http://www.brainyquote.com/words/gr/gravity170416.html

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