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    1. Match the words in a with the words in b to make collocations.

1. reflection

A. surveying

2. geothermal

B. method

3. groundwater

C. wave

4. ground-penetrating

D. energy

5. accurate

E. operation

6. solve

F. radar

7. reduce

G. acquisition

8. exploration

H. seismology

9. shear

I. problem

10. data

J. uncertainties

23. Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.

  1. Reflection seismology is used ____ basic research into the nature and origin ____ the rocks.

  2. GPR is widely used ____ mapping shallow subsurface ____ ___ a few meters deep.

  3. 3D-seismic technology is applied to reduce uncertainties _____ the entire range ____ exploration, development and production operations.

  4. These chimneys are caused ____free gas ___ the sediments.

  5. Combining P- and S-waves discriminate _____ sands and shales and is valuable ___ helping to detect fractures.

24. Make up sentences, adding words where necessary.

1. reflection/ accurate/ is/ at present/ the most/ seismology/ method.

2. applied/ to/ uncertainties/ 3D-seimic/ technology/ is reduce.

3. includes/ and/ waves/ full-vector wave-field imaging/ shear/ compressional.

4. economically/ gas/ plague/ chimneys/ areas/ important.

5. used/ exploration/ reflection seismology/ for/ extensively/ is/ hydrocarbons/in.

25.Fill in the gaps with words which are derived from the word given at the end of each line.

1. The technology of exploration activities has improved exponentially because of …………. in data processing and interpretation

ADVANCE

2. ….. in geophysical measurements can cost a lot of money.

CERTAIN

3. Numerous factors such as subsurface geology, terrain, security issues determine parameters for data …………….

ACQUIRE

4. As S-waves can travel only through a solid, they are …….. to the type of a fluid in the rock.

SENSITIVE

5. ….. Vice President refers to a rank in senior management and usually reports directly to the President of the company and could be more than one in different areas (Upstream, Downstream, Oilfield services)

EXECUTE

6. It is difficult to overestimate ………. of 3D seismic technology for hydrocarbon exploration, development and production operations.

CAPABLE

7. Primary waves are ………. waves that travel quicker in dense rock and slower in fluids.

COPMRESS

8. Gold and uranium as well as other ores are ……….. mineral resources.

VALUE

9. Upstream provides a …….. supply of petroleum for consumers downstream

CONTINUE

10. If the economic penalties of ………. in depth investigations are substantial, it may be cheaper to perform exploratory drilling.

ACCURACY

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