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10. Reconstruct the order of operations that are performed in seismic survey.

___ The reflected signals are output onto a storage medium.

___ Different rock layers within the Earth’s crust reflect back the energy.

___ The recorded data are processed with special software.

___ Hydrophones and geophones record the reflected energy waves over a predetermined set of time.

___ These profiles or data sets are then interpreted for possible hydrocarbon reserves.

___ Sound energy waves are sent into the ground by means of dynamite or Vibroseis.

___ As a result of data analysis seismic profiles are produced.

11. State if these sentences are true or false. Add more information if they are true and correct them if they are false.

  1. In the oil industry reflection seismology is applied to find oil.

  2. The technology of exploration activities has remained the same over the recent time.

  3. The general principle of reflection seismology consists in recording voice data using a microphone onto a tape recorder for a set period of time.

  4. The three primary exploration environments for seismic exploration are land, the transition zone and marine.

  5. Characteristics of a particular area determine the methods for each acquisition project.

  6. In the marine environment the choice of air gun array is made between dynamite shot holes or mechanical vibrators.

  7. The choice of a tuned air gun array depends on the specific geology, depths of geological feature and desired frequency output of the source array.

  8. Terrain, security issues and local environmental concerns make no difference in choosing energy source for the land environment.

12. Match the pictures with the extract for illustration of which they can serve.

Using these pictures remember some facts about reflection seismology.

  1. Answer the following questions.

  1. What do geophysicists interpret the seismic data for?

  2. What are three environments for seismic exploration?

  3. What is the general principle of getting seismic data?

  4. Which exploration tool is typical for sub-sea survey?

  5. What non-geophysical issues may influence the choice of exploration technology?

  6. What is the reflection seismic method?

  7. What does that mean “reflection seismology is similar to sonar and echolocation”?

  8. How are depths of geological structures determined?

  9. In what case is a “spread correction” applied?

  10. What is impedance?

14. Describe the method of geophysical exploration shown in the diagram.

Reflection Seismology

15. Read the following definitions and say in a brief form what the difference is between reflections and refractions.

Reflection – when an incident compressional wave strikes a boundary between two media having different velocities of wave propagation, part of the energy is reflected from the boundary. Possible ways of multiple reflections are endless.

Refraction - the portion of the incident energy that is not reflected and is transmitted through the boundary and into the second layer. The transmitted ray travels through the second layer with changed direction of propagation

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