- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
332
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Norway.
There is, however, a strong concentration of unreduced Brunn and
Borreby types, as illustrated in plates 4 and 5, in the fishing and
seafaring population of the southwestern coast, across from
Denmark; the presence of these types, although not clearly indicated
by existing surveys, cannot, nevertheless, be denied.
At
the same time, Corded elements within the Nordic racial body are
most evident in the north, and especially near the Norwegian
provinces of Trjzfndelagen. Lappish influences are also to be felt
in the far north, while modern Finnish invasions and infiltrations
have introduced the East Baltic type into central Sweden in some
numbers. The nature of this type need not be discussed here, but
will be studied in later sections of the present chapter.
Denmark,
the smallest and most southerly of the three Scandinavian kingdoms,
is also the most densely populated, being inhabited by two and one
half millions of people. It consists of the peninsula of Jutland,
the isthmus of Schleswig, acquired since the World War, and the
Danish archipelago. These islands, the largest of which are Zealand,
Funen, Laaland, Falster, Moen, Langeland, and Sams0, although
smaller in total area than the mainland, contain the bulk of the
population. The island of Bornholm, situated to the southeast of
Sk&ne, is likewise Danish territory, as are the islands of
Lesso and Anholt, which lie in the midst of the Cattegat. On the
southwestern coast of Denmark the Frisian Islands begin their chain,
which is only broken by the mouth of the Elbe in its stretch from
Denmark to Holland. Some of these islands are Danish, some are
German, and others are Dutch in nationality. Far separated from
Denmark, but under its sovereignty, lie the Faroe Islands,
between the Shet- lands and Iceland, and Iceland itself is an
autonomous state under the Danish crown, while Greenland, a
restricted crown colony, is the home of a few thousand Danes.
Throughout
the prehistoric period Denmark was the cultural center of
Denmark62
The
principal sources for the physical anthropology of the living in
Denmark are:Bardenfleth,
K. S., MODA, vol. 3, 1929, pp. 3-49.Burrau,
C., MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 243-260, 277-284.Hanriesson,
G., op.
cit.Hansen,
Andreas M., NMN, vol. 53, pp. 202-266.Hansen,
S^ren, MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 69-81, 204-220, 222-240, 287-307;
vol. 2, 1920-28, pp. 363-389.Hansen,
Sjzfren, and Topinard, P., RDAP, vol. 3, 1888, pp. 39-41.Heiberg,
P., MODA, vol. 2, 1920-28, pp. 296-300, 353-360.Mackenprang,
E., MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 11-68.Ribbing,
L., MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 193-202.Steensby,
H. P., MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 85-148.Westergaard,
H., MODA, vol. 1, 1907-11, pp. 353-391.
THE
NORTH
333
Scandinavia,
and likewise the center of greatest population. The profusion of
Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments and graves shows that before the
Iron Age invasions both the mainland and the islands were densely
inhabited; in view of this crowding, it is not surprising that
the newcomers found greater room for expansion in Sweden and eastern
Norway. From Ertebjzflle times onward the Danish Islands, and to a
lesser extent the mainland, was the focal point in northern
Europe for the settlement of the brachycephalic Borreby people. With
them had mingled Megalithic seafarers in large numbers, while
the Corded people had concentrated their activities on the mainland.
It is not surprising,* therefore, that a population so firmly
attached to its milieu as that of pre-iron Age Denmark should have
survived the vicissitudes of centuries and eventually have reemerged
in considerable strength. That this is exactly what has happened is
the sense of the present section.
During
the Iron Age Denmark continued in its cultural leadership of
Scandinavia, owing largely to its greater proximity to the source of
civilized influences farther south, for Denmark was greatly affected
by the repercussions of Roman civilization. In the
Volkerwanderung period, Denmark, furthermore, contributed
heavily to the stream of migration southward; the Cimbri, the
first Germanic people to come under the eyes of Rome, were natives
of Jutland; the Jutes and the Angles who settled England with the
Saxons from Schleswig-Holstein again came from Denmark. The later
inroads of Danes into Britain strengthened the earlier contingents.
Hence, Denmark played an even greater part in the settlement of
the British Isles than did Norway.
In
contrast to Norway and Sweden, existing documents which cover the
physical anthropology of the living Danes are scattered and
incomplete. It is not possible to study the distribution of
characters from village to village and county to county, nor to
examine the special racial attributes of individuals. It is
possible, however, to make a few general observations, and to
supplement these with deductions based on common knowledge. In the
first place, the Danes are not as tall as the Swedes and Norwegians,
although their king is the tallest monarch in Europe. The mean
stature of twenty-one year old recruits in 1925 was 169.4 cm., which
varied between
cm.,
on the island of Anholt in the middle of the Cattegat, and 167.1
cm. for Fan0, the northernmost of the Frisian Isles. In general,
Jutland and Schleswig are comparatively tall, with mean statures of
170 cm., while the island population is a centimeter or two
shorter, especially on Sams0, southern and eastern Zealand,
Laaland, Falster, and Moen. Copenhagen and the adjoining counties
of northern Zealand are, by contrast, quite tall.
Aside
from stature, there is no metric character in which all of Denmark
334
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
has
been regionally studied. In other measurements and indices one is
obliged to refer to material which covers the country as a unit, or
certain sections of it only. Data referring to bodily build indicate
that the Danes are longer armed, wider spanned, longer trunked, and,
in general, more heavily built than the common run of other
Scandinavians, and resemble in these respects the western Norwegians
more than any other group. Several series show that the mean head
lengths of Danes in various parts of the kingdom are uniformly 194
mm., as long as the Swedish national mean, and comparable to that of
the mesocephalic population of western Norway; variations in
cephalic index are dependent rather upon variations in head breadth,
which ranges from 154.7 mm. on the island of Bornholm to 158.8 mm.
in the northern part of Sams0. That the higher cephalic indices in
Denmark result from greater breadths instead of from lesser lengths,
is a sure indication that we are dealing with a Borreby form of
brachycephaly.
The
mean cephalic index of Denmark, however, is but 80.6;63
and this sub-brachycephalic mean condition is not subject to much
regional variation. Although Denmark is the least long headed
of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, nowhere in it may be found a
regional population as round headed as that of Jaeren. Denmark, like
Sweden, is flat and lacks natural barriers; one must expect a great
national uniformity. The highest means yet recorded are 81.8 for
northern Sams0, 81.4 for western Jutland, and for the isle of
Anholt. No regional mean is under 80.
Facial
measurements on Danes are extremely rare; what there are show
breadth diameters high for Scandinavia. Hannesson, in a small series
of Danish sailors, finds a minimum frontal of 106.5 mm., a
bizygomatic of 139.5 mm., and a bigonial of 107 mm. In northern
Sams0, an unusually brachycephalic area, the bizygomatic rises to
142.5 mm. Thus the Danish facial breadths resemble those found in
coastal Norway, especially the rounder-headed districts, and in
Iceland.
Data
on the hair and eye color of Danes is as extensive as that on
stature, and covers the entire kingdom. Although no scales were
used, the categories employed seem clearly defined and there can be
little doubt as to the character of Danish pigmentation. Hansen
found that “fair” hair decreased from 52 per cent at the age of
6 years to 33 per cent at 14, and fell to 16.6 per cent at the
recruit age of 20 years. This “fair” category must, therefore,
include pronounced degrees of blondism only, and exclude the
light brown hues often designated as blond elsewhere. On the island
of Sams0 Bardenfleth found only 7.5 per cent of hair which he was
willing to call light, and 40 per cent of medium, 43 per cent of
dark, and 9 per cent of black. Sams0 is one of the darkest-haired
regions of Denmark.
68
Hansen has 80.6, Burrau 80.69.
THE
NORTH
335
Judging
from the distribution of the school children material, the southern
part of the Danish mainland, toward Schleswig-Holstein, is the
blondest section of the country; two regions are darkest: Thirsted,
the northwestern county of Jutland, and the islands.
What
appears to be the most accurate division of eye colors is that of
Bardenfleth, who finds 38 per cent of light, 59 per cent of mixed,
and 3 per cent of dark eyes on Samsjzf. This is comparable to the
eye color situation elsewhere in Scandinavia. Sams0 is one of the
darker-eyed sections of Denmark, and regional eye color variations,
though not great, follow those of hair color.
In
its available form, the Danish material is not so arranged that many
correlations and regressions can be made from it. In Samsjzf,
light-haired individuals are a half centimeter taller than
dark-haired ones, and slightly higher in cephalic index. This
regression runs counter to the slight geographical association
between darker hair, shorter stature, and rounder heads, from which
racial inferences have been deduced. The associations noted in
Sams0, however, agree with the similar correlations found in
southern Sweden, which would point to the presence on both sides of
the Cattegat of a special tall, blond brachycephal, particularly
common among Swedish immigrants to the United States where the
vulgar term “squarehead5 5 is used to designate
it. Popular, subjective labels in the designation of races, used
among persons ignorant of the existence of physical anthropology,
are often truer than the hesitant results of erudite wanderings in
the labyrinth of numbers.
A
knowledge of the racial history of Denmark, and a familiarity with
the appearance of modern Danes, makes the interpretation of existing
data, however fragmentary, possible. On the whole, the Danes form,
as Burrau feels, a composite type which is inextricably blended, but
which shows in individual variations leanings toward different
ancestral forms, as well as toward new combinations. The blond
“square-head55 noted above is an important type,
heavy-boned and sturdy, basically Borreby in inspiration.
The
minority of brunet pigmentation, in Denmark not associated with
brachycephaly, reminds one that the Danish Islands held the greatest
concentration of Megalithic people in the whole north, and that
these Megalithic people blended with the Borreby aborigines before
the arrival of either Corded folk or Iron Age Nordics. On the whole,
Denmark, like Sweden and Norway, may be called a Nordic country, but
Nordic only in the modern Scandinavian sense.
Before
leaving the description of the living Danish people, two special
problems remain, the racial character of the island of Bornholm, to
the east of Denmark proper in the Baltic, and that of the Faroes.
Ribbing, in a study of the Bornholm people, finds them taller,
fairer, and somewhat
336
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
longer
headed than most of the Danes, and considers that they are most
closely related to the southern Swedes inhabiting the island of
Gotland.
The
Faroes, isolated in the northern seas between the Shetlands and
Iceland, preserve a picturesque and mediaeval Danish population of
fishermen.64 These islands were first inhabited by the
Scotch, who may or may not have left before the coming of the
Vikings, which took place shortly before the settlement of Iceland.
The Faroe males are as tall as Danes (169-170 cm.), and about the
same in head form. (C. I.—79.6.)65 The faces are
distinguished by a considerable breadth of the mandible,66
found also in Iceland and among the northernmost Norwegians. Until
more extensive information appears than that at present available,
we may consider the Faroe Islanders typical descendants of
Viking Age Danes and coastal Norwegians.
In
all three Scandinavian kingdoms, changes have been observed in
stature during the last century. The normal amount of increase in
young men draughted for recruiting has been somewhere between 6 and
8 cm. It would appear that one hundred years ago Danes of military
age were only 164 cm. tall, on the average, while Swedes and
Norwegians varied regionally between 166 and 168 cm. If one recalls
the statures of the inhabitants of these countries before and during
the pre-Christian Iron Age, it will at once appear that this
increase has been actually a process of returning, under new
stimuli, to an older condition. The depletion of these countries
during the Volkerwanderung and the adverse climatic conditions of
the Middle Ages must have had in the first instance a selective, in
the second a depressing, effect upon national stature.
In
all three countries comparisons between city and country populations
show that there is a tendency for the Iron Age Nordic type to be
drawn to the cities, and to be, in general, the most restless
element in the population; undoubtedly because it was the last to
arrive and because it formed in many regions the upper social
stratum. For these reasons again it is not
64 Chief
works on the Faroes are:
Annandale,
N., TRSE, vol. 25, 1906, pp. 2-24. Arbo, C. O. E., DGT, vol. 12,
1893-94, pp. 7-14.
Hansen,
S0ren, JRAI, vol. 42, 1912, pp. 485-492; DGT, vol. 21, 1912, pp.
251— 256; vol. 25, 1920, pp. 53-54.
66 Considerable
confusion is extant concerning the head form and stature of the
Faroe Islanders. Arbo (1893) measured a series of 20 men from the
northernmost and
others
from the southernmost island. He found that the stature and C. I.
of the first group were 169.5 cm. and 75.2; of the second, 165.2
cm. and 83.2. His series of 60 men from Thorshavn fell into an
intermediate position, approximating the means above given. These
latter are taken from Hansen’s series of 493 males from Suder0,
and from Arbo’s Thorshavn series. The startling regional
differences of Arbo’s work may be attributed partly to the small
size of his samples, partly to the chance selection of isolated
family groups.
M
Annandale’s mean bigonial diameter on 20 men is 111.8 mm.