- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
Chapter
XI
In
the first
two chapters of our survey of the living white peoples, we lave
covered the whole northern third of the European continent, and lave
discussed at some length the physical characteristics of the present
representatives of the Nordic race, and of the East Baltic and
Neo-Danubian acial types, as exemplified by the Finno-Ugrian peoples
and by the peakers of the Baltic branch of Indo-European. We have,
furthermore, tudied the survival and reemergence in northwestern
Europe of unre- luced, unmodified Upper Palaeolithic types, as
exemplified especially by he Irish, and other British, and by the
Scandinavians and East Baltic >eoples. We have also discussed the
incipiently mongoloid Lapps, and the nongoloid intrusions on
European soil along its northern borders.
The
next strip to follow, in a geographical sense, would be the whole
tighland belt of central Europe stretching over to the Balkans, to
Asia *linor, and across to the Caucasus and Turkestan. This second
zone, Lowever, is one of immense racial complexity. In it various
branches of he greater Mediterranean family, of Neolithic date and
later, have been Qodified by combining in various proportions with
each other and with he autochthonous Alpine race. The key to the
complexity of this zone ies in the genetic action of this last
entity, which is apparently a reduced, 3mewhat foetalized, or more
highly evolved branch of the old Palaeo- thic stock than those which
we have been studying in the north. Since, owever, it is the action
of this element upon the Mediterranean family fhich is important
here, it will be easier to study this zone after having nrveyed the
population of a third belt, that occupied by the purest living
epresentatives of the Mediterranean race.
This
third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of
Gibraltar 3 Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean
shores into irabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian
highlands; and across Afghanistan into India. This zone is one of
comparative racial simplicity, n it the brunet Mediterranean race
lives today in its various regional >rms without, in most cases,
the complication of the Palaeolithic survivals nd reemergences which
have so confused the racial picture on the ground f Europe itself.
Only in the mountains of Morocco and Algeria, and in le Canary
Islands, is such a survival of any importance. The careful
The mediterranean world
Introduction
400
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
401
study
of living populations of the Mediterranean race in its early
homelands will do much to simplify the task which lies ahead.
The
Mediterranean racial zone stretches unbroken from Spain across the
Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence eastward to India. A
branch of it extends far southward on both sides of the Red Sea into
southern Arabia, the Ethiopian highlands, and the Horn of Africa. Of
the three main Mediterranean sub-races which this zone contains, the
most widespread, the most central, the most highly evolved, and most
characteristically Mediterranean is the central Mediterranean
form, as best exemplified skeletally by the pre-dynastic
Egyptians. Today the largest unified area in which this
moderate-sized, intermediate Mediterranean racial type is found in
greatest purity is the Arabian Peninsula.
Arabia,
some fifteen hundred miles long by a thousand wide, possesses a huge
land mass but a small population. Owing to the aridity of the great
Ruba' el Khali desert and much of the north, the entire country can
support no more than six million people, of whom at least a half
live in the small, fertile, southwestern corner, the kingdom of
Yemen.
The
study of the prehistory of Arabia has hardly begun. It is, however,
known that during the pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, the Empty
Quarter was a fertile plateau, through which large streams
carved wide and deep wadys; and that it has been inhabited by man
from at least Acheu- lean times onward. With the post-glacial
desiccation of this part of the world, Arabia may well have served
as a vagina
gentium,
sending forth into other regions great numbers of inhabitants whom
it could no longer support. In legendary and historic times
this role has been continued; the early wanderings of the Jews, the
settlement of the Ethiopian highlands by colonists from the
Hadhramaut, the great expansion of the Arabs in early Moslem times,
all serve as examples.
Modern
Arabia is divided into several kingdoms each of which occupies a
distinct geographical area. The largest,'Saudi Arabia, includes the
Nejd, Hasa, the Hejaz, and Asir; in other words, all of the regions
north and immediately west of the Ruba' el Khali. The Nejd is
occupied by a mixed population of pastoral nomads and
agriculturists, of which the former are by far the more numerous.
The Nejdis form a natural unit with the tribesmen of
Transjordania and of the Syrian desert. The northern frontier of
Arabia, in an ethnic sense, is not its present political boundary,
but a line skirting the southern edge of the so-called Fertile
Crescent. In northern Arabia should be included such tribes as the
Ruwalla, the Shammar, and the Howeitat. The Hejaz, which includes
the holy cities of Mekka and Medina, contains a sedentary
population, which lives partly by agriculture
The mediterranean rage in arabia
402
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
partly by trade, while the wealth brought in by the annual hordes of
pilgrims from the entire world of Islam helps, in large measure, to
support the population of this sacred territory. Asir, the
southernmost and most recently acquired section of Saudi Arabia, is
a mountainous country occupied for the most part by farmers, and its
ethnic relationships are with the Yemen, rather than with the north.
The
kingdom of Yemen is bounded on the north by, roughly, the
seventeenth parallel of north latitude; on the west by the Red
Sea; on the south by the British Protectorate of Aden; and on the
east by the southwestern- most extension of the Empty Quarter. It
consists of two main parts, the narrow coastal plain and the plateau
country which slopes gently eastward from a 10,000 foot
escarpment. This plateau is extremely fertile and supports a large
agricultural population. On its northern and eastern borders it
tapers off gradually into pastoral country, and in the south merges
into the ethnic unit of the Hadhramaut. The eastern part of this
plateau was once an extremely populous region, since it was the seat
of the three great kingdoms of Ma'an, Kataban, and Saba. This
country was supported partly by agriculture, based on extensive
irrigation projects, and partly by tolls from the incense caravans
which passed through them on their way northward.
To
the west of Yemen lies the Wady Hadhramaut, a narrow strip of
fertile valley, separated from the Gulf of Aden by a forbidding mass
of almost vegetation-free mountains. To the east of the Hadhramaut
lies Dhofar, hemmed in by the Qara Mountains; and this small
semi-circle of land preserves a lush vegetation made possible by the
steady rainfall brought by the southeast monsoon. It, alone of all
of southern Arabia, retains the Pleistocene climate which made this
region, in former times, a land of great fertility. To the northeast
of the great desert, which acts as a formidable barrier to separate
these kingdoms, lies Oman, a mountainous country in which
agriculture is practiced, and which is noted for its seafaring
activities and for its export of dates.
The
inhabitants of Arabia may be divided into two general groups: Arabs
proper, and the aboriginal inhabitants of Hadhramaut, the Dhofar
country, and the island of Socotra. Those who belong to the first
category are almost without exception of Mediterranean race, and it
is with this group that we are dealing in our search for a pure
Mediterranean form. The Hadhramaut, on the other hand, contains a
varied population with at least four social and ethnic elements.1
These include the Bedawin, who live in the smaller side valleys and
in the valleys between the Hadhramaut proper and the Gulf of Aden.
They are slender, small-headed men, with ringlet hair, and facial
features which relate them partly to the great Ved-
Van
den Berg, L. W. C., Le
Hadhramout et les Colonies Arabes dans VArchipel Indien.