191

and more reliable post-Roman series, it is definitely low. Like their rela­tives in central Europe, these Gauls were not noted for tall stature; a mean of 166 cm. is only moderate.

In other parts of France, the Keltic racial continuity was of variable intensity; in Lorraine and Beaune,³⁶ the usual type was found; but in Haute Savoie and Vendee the earlier brachycephalic population is strongly represented in Keltic tombs,³⁷ while out on the tip of Brittany, Neolithic survivors of Mediterranean type, with perhaps some Gaulish admixture, persisted until the period of Roman conquest.⁸⁸ Only in the north, there­fore, did the Kelts make a firm imprint in the early population of what was to become the French nation.

The Kelts in the British Isles are known to us by a large series of Bry- thonic crania from England and southern Scotland, assembled by Morant³⁹ (see Appendix I, col. 35); these are three millimeters longer headed than the Bohemian and Swiss series, but nearly identical in vault dimensions with the French; facially they are the same as all of the others. Smaller collections of Goidelic crania from Ireland show the skulls from this coun­try to be exactly the same as those from Great Britain.⁴⁰ Several morpho­logical features distinguish these skulls, of the typical, or mesocephalic, group—which in the British Isles seems largely to lack the brachycephalic minority which accompanies the main type in central and eastern Europe. The forehead is quite sloping; the vault, when seen from behind, gives a cylindrical impression, rather than that of a rhomboid or rectangle, as with other Nordic crania. The upper face is quite long, the mandible wide at the back, and relatively shallow. The nose is often very prominent.

The skeletal material from Ireland (see Appendix I, col. 36) is not numerous enough to permit regional studies, or other statistical niceties; but in Great Britain there are, on the contrary, a number of local series sufficient to show that the racial complexion of that island was not, during the Iron Age, completely uniform. One of these, that of the erroneously named “Danes⁵ Graves” at Driffield, Ygrkshire,⁴¹ containing 29 male crania, is identical in every known respect with the Aunjetitz skulls from central Europe—a pure (if the adjective pure may be used of a composite type) Hallstatt or Nordic local population; purely dolichocephalic, in contrast to the usual Keltic mesocephaly; and relatively high-vaulted,

86. Hamy, E. T., Anth, vol. 17, 1906, pp. 1-25; vol. 18, 1907, pp. 127-139.

87. Baudoin, Marcel, BSAP, vol. 6, 1912, pp. 321-346.

38. Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.

39. Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-88. Also Hooke, Beatrix, and Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 99-104.

40. Martin, G. P., Prehistoric Man in Ireland. Twelve Iron Age skulls are listed.

41. Wright, W., JRAI, vol. 33, 1903, pp. 66-73; Archaeologia, vol. 60, 1906, pt. I, pp. 313-324.

Mortimer, J. R., Man, vol. 9, 1909, pp. 35-36.