- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
256
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
since
some of the tallest northern peoples and some of the Dinarics would
be plotted as lateral. Sex differences in both stature and gross
size would be found greatest in northwestern Europe, as among Upper
Palaeolithic peoples, and least in eastern Europe and among western
Mediterraneans. In general total bulk, regardless of stature, seems
partly a function of environment, and excessive bodily volume is
suggestively centered in cool, damp regions, while thin,
light-bodied people are most frequently encountered in deserts.
Great differences in size between the sexes seem commoner among
large than among small peoples, and are most pronounced in the
regions where Upper Palaeolithic strains survive in most
concentrated solution.
Head
Form,
Head Size,
and Other
Metrical Characters of the Head and Face
Next
to stature, which is of interest to many others besides
anthropologists, our data are fullest on the cephalic index,
for this ratio has been the favorite of both professional and
amateur students of race ever since its invention by Retzius in
1842. The same remarks on the method of plotting the stature map
apply to that of the cephalic index (Map 6). Here the only region of
comparative uncertainty lies in the southeastern corner, in Iran,
where some rather extensive boundary stretching has been practiced.
The
distribution of the cephalic index within the area covered by this
map is a complex affair, and cannot be interpreted hastily. Many
factors and many events have contributed to this state of
complexity, which the map only partly represents. One must remember
that, as in the stature map, the scattered bands and villages of
Lapps have been schematically united into a nucleus in northern
Scandinavia, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula. Furthermore minority
groups such as Jews, Gypsies, and others, have been omitted, since
in no region large enough for schematic representation are they
found in a majority.
The
most striking feature of the map, and in fact, almost its only
uniformity, is the steady band of almost pure dolichocephaly
which extends south of the Mediterranean from the Atlantic coast of
Morocco across North Africa, Egypt, Arabia, and Persia into
Afghanistan; to continue, off the map, over Khyber Pass and into the
Indus Valley. This band represents the greater Mediterranean race in
its post-Pleistocene homeland. Small spots of mesocephaly in
the Moroccan mountains, in Kabylia and in the Aures, and along the
Tunisian coast, show the relatively restricted zones of
survival of earlier Mediterranean mesocephals and, to a lesser
extent, of Pleistocene North African men; except for the Tunisian
Distribution of bodily characters
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
257
coastal
centers, where the strong concentration of Punic and European
populations in pre-Arab times is no doubt partly responsible.
The
extreme long heads, concentrated in the Hoggar and in parts of the
Algerian plateau, are the Tuareg and the purer families of ancestral
nomadic Berbers, preserving the head form which they brought from
East Africa, their Hamitic homeland. The heavily dotted stipple
represents Mediterraneans of Neolithic age and Arabs, with an
infusion of the Hamites, while the light dotting represents more
clearly the Hamites themselves. This is a distinction which should
not be pressed too far, but which may still be made, for the
lightest stippling is found in nomadic Berber strongholds.
Farther
east the desert tribes of Libya, and the oasis people of Siwa, are
extremely long-headed, in a truly Hamitic fashion; the inhabitants
of Sinai, and some of the tribes in the Nejd, as some of the
Mesopotamian Bedawin, and groups in Iran, fall into the same
category. Here in the east we approach the zone of hooked-nosed long
heads, quite different in facial form from the Hamitic increment
farther west. Around the Persian Gulf is a ring of higher indices,
representing a maritime population which we shall encounter
later in the coastlands of southern Arabia, off the present map. The
long headedness of inland Arabs, whether nomadic or agricultural,
continues without a break south of the present map into Yemen and to
the northern and western borders of the Ruba' el Khali.
In
Europe itself, long-headed total populations are rare. Only in parts
of Portugal, in fact, are regional indices under 76 to be found at
all. Europe on the whole is a brachycephalic or mesocephalic
continent. Mean indices between 76 and 79, belonging to high
dolichocephals and low mesocephals with brachycephals in the
minority, are found in a few places. One, the most continuous area,
lies in the northwest; it includes the British Isles, most of
Holland, parts of Belgium, and the Palatinate— old Frankish
country—and most of'the Scandinavian Peninsula, along with the
coastal lands of Finland, and with Esthonia and Latvia.
The
regions just enumerated may be considered in a way a unit; most
authorities would call this, as with stature, the Nordic racial
territory, and so it is in the accepted sense. Another belt is that
of the Iberian Peninsula, the Dordogne Valley in France,
Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearics, the toe of Italy, and Crete. To
this may perhaps be added part of the corresponding area in the
British Isles, and parts of the eastern site of the Balkan
Peninsula. This is what remains of the brunet Mediterranean race per
se in
Europe; isolated island groups, a peninsula which throughout history
has been more African than European, and remnants of the old
Mediterranean bloc of the shores of the Black Sea and the Aegean.
MAP
259
260
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Where,
we ask, are the descendants of the Danubians, the Aunjetitz Nordics,
and their Iron Age successors in eastern and central Europe? Only in
the mesocephalic belt across eastern central Russia, and the region
immediately north of the Caucasus, and again in the central and
eastern Balkans, do traces of the original head form of these
peoples appear, emerging as that of a population bound to the soil.
Perhaps in the tall stature and high mesocephaly of the Don country
there is also some trace of the Scythians. The country between the
northern shores of the Caspian and the middle Baltic does indeed
form a zone of relative long headedness between the mongoloid
brachycephaly of central Asia and the European brachycephaly of
central Europe.
This
central European brachycephaly may not be treated as a completely
unified entity. In the first place, we find its westernmost nucleus
in southern France in the Massif Central, which is the home of the
Alpine race in its truest form. Here extreme round headedness such
as is seldom exceeded elsewhere in the world is located. The valley
of the Rhdne forms a partial gap, beyond which lies another
brachycephalic zone in eastern France, especially in Burgundy and
the Jura, and adjacent portions of Belgium. Here again we find a
high zone of brachycephaly, accompanied, as we have seen, with a
greater stature than that found in the western Alps, and as we shall
see later, a lighter pigmentation. Here is another brachycephalic
nucleus representing a different racial concretion from that first
mentioned. One observes that in the upper Rhine Valley and in
northwestern Switzerland, as in Lower Austria, this zone of extreme
brachycephaly is broken, while a northern colony of it is found in
Bavaria, Bohemia, and Silesia.
In
the Tyrol, southeastern Switzerland, and most of northern Italy is
another nucleus, which is the home of the western branch of the
Dinaric group, associated largely with the center of Rhaeto-Roman
speech. These linguistic fossils are survivors of the pre-Germanic
population of this region. Most of Austria itself runs longer
headed, owing, no doubt, to the strong concentration of Germanic
peoples there. The Dinaric region proper, extending from Bosnia to
southern Albania, follows the mountain range, which in turn lies
close to the Adriatic coast. The center of highest brachycephaly
lies in southern Albania, in the Tosc country, well south of the
center of tallest stature. The southern brachycephalic zone, of
which it is the nucleus, extends far into Greece, along the western
coast, from Epirus to the Gulf of Corinth.
The
curve of the Carpathians forms a brachycephalic barrier, within
which all peoples represented, except for the Hungarian Szeklers,
are very round headed. This infra-Carpathian brachycephaly pervades
all other groups regardless of language, culture, or history. Beyond
it lies
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
261
the
relatively long-headed expanse of the Polish, Ukrainian, and
Moldavian plain.
As
we turn to Asia Minor we see other instances of extreme regional
brachycephaly. The Armenians, some of the Syrians, especially the
Alouites, Lebanese, and Druses, are the roundest headed of all in
this region. The Anatolian Turks, being typically brachycephalic, in
this respect resemble modern representatives of the pre-Turkish
peoples, of this region, notably the Armenians.
The
cephalic index map, like that of stature, shows that the
Mediterranean Sea is by no means a racial unit. Some of the
lowest and some of the highest cephalic indices in the world are
found in close proximity to its shores. Another notable lack of
continuity is seen in the far north. The hunting and fishing
peoples, so consistently short of stature, are very variable in head
form. The Lapps alone are consistently and extremely brachycephalic.
The original mesocephalic head form typical of the Finns in their
native habitat may still be observed in the regions occupied by
Finnish survivals in central and northern Russia.
On
the whole, the distribution of the cephalic index in Europe and
adjacent countries is extremely significant when one remembers the
historical and archaeological background, but viewing its
present distribution alone one might easily form numerous false
ideas about racial origins and continuities. It is sufficiently
clear, however, that the zone of extreme brachycephaly in central
Europe has several nuclei, and is separate from the
Anatolian-Caucasic center and from that of the mongoloids of central
Asia.
One
last factor remains to be mentioned, and this is the
ultra-peripheral distribution of moderately high cephalic indices on
the very westernmost fringe of Europe. One notices that southwestern
Ireland has a mean cephalic index of 80 or over. Little spots of
this same condition occur in northern Scotland, the Shetlands, the
West Frisian island chain, in Feh- marn, and in points along the
western Norwegian coast. This hypermarginal brachycephaly is
peripheral to the dolichocephaly of northwestern Europe, which in
its turn is a survival. The suggestion is that this round- headed
tendency of the extreme western fringe is in the nature of a
Palaeolithic reemergence.
The
third map of this series (Map 7), is intended to show the
distribution of absolute head size. Head size ideally should be
a measure of the cubic capacity of the cranium, and capacity may be
estimated upon the living by the use of the three dimensions, head
length, head breadth, and auricular head height. Unfortunately,
however, as already explained,17 auricular head height is
for the most part an unreliable measurement,
17
Page 243.
MAP
262
264
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
it would not be possible to construct a map covering a large area in
which this was a component dimension. For this reason head size is
here expressed simply by the sum of the length and breadth in each
sample used. It so happens that large heads in the length-breadth
sense are frequently high heads as well, so that there is
little chance that the omission of the height dimension has
falsified the appearance of head size conditions.
Head
size is, in the first place, wholly unrelated to head form. Some of
the largest heads are found among both dolichocephals and
brachycephals, and the same is true of some of the smallest
heads. It seems, however, to be closely correlated with total bodily
bulk, and hence with weight, although not with stature.18
This principle applies to other animals as well as to man.
Brain size is, after all, a component element of bodily bulk, and
the requirements of the organism in the matter of nerve tissue
depend apparently upon total size rather than upon the relative
degree of attenuation of extremities. We have seen that cranial size
is an important racial diagnostic in the cranium, and there is every
evidence that it is equally important in the living.
The
map which shows the distribution of this trait is not, however, as
reliable as the two which precede it. Lacunae have been filled in
accordance with general racial trends and by the conversion of
modern cranial material to living standards by fixed additions to
allow for the soft parts.19 The areas which are least
reliable are Portugal, Spain, much of France, and portions of
western Germany. The Balearics and Sicily were filled in by
inference. However, the data are sufficient to assure us that the
general picture is correct, although the boundaries may well be
inaccurate. The map will serve our purpose, and cannot lead us far
astray, if we do not lean too heavily on it, or follow it in too
much detail.
The
first impression that the map gives is one of a concentric
distribution of head size with Germany, Belgium, and northern
France as the focus of greatest volume. From this focus bands of
diminishing size stretch like bars dexter to the Persian Gulf. This
pattern is broken in the Middle East by the intrusion of relatively
large-headed mongoloid peoples from central Asia, and of
non-mongoloid dolichocephalic Turkomans, Azerbaijanis, and
Kurds.
Studied
in greater detail, where detail is justified, this basic pattern
does not break down, but other facts appear. In the first place,
Ireland
Du
Bois, E., CRIC, 1934, pp. 71-75; also, Marett, J., p. 129.Duckworth,
W. L. H., JAPL, vol. 51, 1917, pp. 167-179.Fischer,
E., MAGW, vol. 36, 1906, pp. 54-57.Gladstone,
R. J., Biometrika, vol. 4, 1905/6, pp. 105-123.Mies,
J„ MAGW, vol. 20, 1890, pp. 37-49.Weisbach,
A., MAGW, vol. 19, 1889, pp. 198-200.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
265
as
a whole has the largest heads of any country excepting Belgium., A
vertical line divides Ireland into a western, and especially
southwestern half, with heads as large as the largest elsewhere, and
an eastern, and especially northeastern, half with heads which
although smaller, are still large by European standards. Iceland
again is an area of maximum head size, and so are the Shetland
Islands. Small regions of large head size appear along the Norwegian
coast. The regions mentioned in this paragraph undoubtedly
represent the maximum survival of Pleistocene European man of
the Briinn race in the northwestern portion of the continent. They
coincide to a certain extent with the hypermarginal distribution of
high mesocephaly and low brachycephaly.
But
there remains the bloc of large heads running from the Seine to East
Prussia, and concentrated in Belgium and in the lower Elbe country.
Here large heads are associated with brachycephaly, of varying
degrees, but usually of a moderate order. This region has a much
larger-headed population than has most of Sweden and Norway, and
most of England and Lowland Scotland. The brachycephals of this
large continental bloc all have head lengths which elsewhere go with
dolichocephaly. The Fehmarn islanders, for example, whose small home
is just south of the Danish Archipelago, have a mean head length of
193.5 mm., and a cephalic index of 83.6.20 Their head
breadth of 161.8 mm. is tremendous. In our historical chapters,
we encountered but one racial type which consistently presented the
combination of brachycephaly with great head lengths. That was the
type found at Afalou and Ofnet, and in the Danish middens, and which
was given the name Borreby. As will be seen later, the Borreby race
has reemerged in the country where it was located during the
Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, and it has become the most
important single racial element in modern Germany.
Palaeolithic
and perhaps Corded survivals are to be seen in the large heads of
the Finnish coast and northeastern Sweden; the track of German
colonists in late mediaeval times is evident in Hungary and Rumania.
The Basques have heads of considerable size also, and there seems to
be a. significant nucleus of large heads in the Dordogne, where, as
will be seen later, a long-headed, brunet Upper Palaeolithic
survival seems indicated, as in west-central Wales.
The
zone of moderate head size lying between Germany and Poland on the
one hand, and eastern Russia and the Caucasus on the other, seems to
reflect an earlier Danubian and Nordic condition. In North Africa
and southern Italy, small or medium-sized heads seem marginal and go
with the older Neolithic Mediterranean element. The Hamites
Sailer,
K., Die
Fehmarner,
DRK,
vol.
4, 1930.
266
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
brought
larger heads, such as are to be found today among Galla,21
and among other predominantly Hamitic peoples.
The
tendency of the Hamites to large head size has divided the
erstwhile unified Mediterranean racial zone, which stretches
across the whole lower quarter of the map, into a western and an
eastern compartment. The eastern sector, from Cyrenaica to India,
shows the small head size which apparently formed a cranial
interlude in North African history between the end of the Capsian
and the Hamitic invasions. As one leaves the map and passes into
southern Arabia and Baluchistan, the heads grow smaller than any
here designated. Here total length-breadth combinations of 328
mm. are found in the Hadhramaut and among Brahui. This zone which
stretches along the northwestern shore of the Indian Ocean is part
of the so-called Veddoid racial area, which does not extend into
Europe or any region nearly approaching it. The racial character of
the people inhabiting this zone can best be described in a more
detailed chapter to follow.
One
of the most important results of the plotting of the head-size map
is the discovery that the brachycephals of the white race and of
Europe are not at all a unit in this respect, since they follow
general racial zones which have no reference to head form. One may
divide them into several sub-groups on the basis of head size alone.
The Lapps, who in their pure form are hyperbrachycephalic, have very
small heads. The other brachycephals of northern Europe, those
concentrated in Germany, southern Denmark, Belgium, and France,
form the largest-headed group. These may be considered, tentatively
at least, of Borreby derivation or inspiration. The Alpines of the
Massif Central in France separate themselves clearly from this
nucleus, with an emphasis on moderate head size. Although the
regional data in France is poor, in this case it is sufficient
to warrant the present conclusion. The Dinarics are also moderate in
head size, despite the coincidence of taller stature; only the
Montenegrins themselves and the Albanians north of the Drin have
truly large heads. The extreme hyper- brachycephals of southern
Albania and Epirus are again of medium head size, like the Central
French Alpines. The brachycephals of the Hungarian plain, and of the
Carpathians, are for the most part also moderate.
When
we leave Europe and move to western Asia, we find that the Asiatic
Dinarics and the so-called Armenoids are in some areas smaller
headed than the European Dinarics; the Armenians themselves have
heads approaching Dinaric standards, but they vary regionally, with
the largest heads in the northeast, toward the Caucasus. The
brachycephalic Turks of Asia Minor are actually small headed, as are
most of the Syrian brachycephals and the Iranian-speaking round
heads of the Pamirs. The
Unpublished
data in author’s possession.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE LIVING
267
fringe
of round heads along the southern Arabian, Persian, and Baluchistan
coasts are very small headed, in a quite un-European sense.
What
are we to make of all this? The answer cannot be given as yet in
final form, but several suggestions present themselves.
Head
size, being a correlate of gross bulk, seems in general to be
associated with regions of relative chill and humidity, all else
being equal. The water content of the human body is greater where
evaporation is least. In this way the flaccid Teutons and the
fog-wreathed Irish in their moors and bogs have the heaviest bodies
and the largest heads, while the indigo-stained Arabs, living on
the utmost margin of desiccation, reach the opposite extreme in
liquid economy. Man is not a water-storing creature, like the
cactus and the camel.
The
largest-headed peoples are unreduced survivors or counterparts of
Upper Palaeolithic man, who was a large-headed and presumably
large-bodied animal. This applies both to dolichocephals and
brachycephals. Brachycephaly is a mutative incident which may
occur in any region or race, and head size may be more important
than head form as an indication of ultimate genetic derivation,
again all else being equal.
It
seems to me that somewhere between these two hypotheses lies the
truth. Environment, which in the last analysis controls body size,
must also eventually control the bulk of the head. But at the same
time, genetic tendencies to absolute head size are inheritable, and
without regard to head form. Hence early racial connections, under
equal environmental conditions, may be better revealed by the size
than by the shape of the vault. The heads of some people have
remained constant in size and form; others have been reduced,
brachycephalized, or both. But brachycepha- lization may take place
without reference to body size, while reduction in head size is a
corollary of general reduction. Here, as in general, the explanation
of a given head size is an historical matter.
Other
criteria of the head and face would be difficult to plot. Face size,
in general, is larger among the larger-headed and taller peoples of
the northwest, and among those of mongoloid affinity in the east*
Most branches of the Mediterranean stock proper are characterized by
relatively short and relatively narrow faces. The zone of long
heads from Morocco to India is also a zone of small faces. This
smallness, however, has as a rule no reference to the nose, which is
one of the best racial criteria which we have, and one which is
extremely significant. Unfortunately accurate charts cannot be made,
since technical discrepancies render the use of statistics based on
this organ almost useless in a large compilation.
The
nasal index among European peoples is typically leptorrhine or
mesorrhine. The southern Mediterranean belt is typified by
moderately leptorrhine peoples; and in the eastern extremity, where
aquilinity is the
268
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
rule,
extreme leptorrhiny is very common. The most leptorrhine area in
Europe itself is the Dinaric region, particularly Montenegro and
northern Albania, where mean nasal indices below 60 are encountered.
In most of western Europe the noses are leptorrhine, but when one
moves into Russia and the northeastern Balkans, mesorrhiny becomes
the predominant form, and nasal indices increase perceptibly as one
moves eastward, to a high mesorrhine or even platyrrhine level.
Turkish-speaking peoples in the East, however, form an exception to
this rule. Turkomans, Azerbaijans, and the like are, as a rule,
extremely leptorrhine, more so than the inhabitants of Asia
Minor and the Caucasus. On the opposite side of the map, the extreme
western fringe of tall, large-headed, meso- to brachycephalic
peoples is likewise characterized by a slight increase in the nasal
index. The Palaeolithic survivors were not notably leptorrhine; they
were, in fact, much less so than the Nordics and others who followed
them.
If
one were to study the form of the orbits and the shape of the
external eye, with adequate data, a very interesting and significant
distribution might be seen. For example, the distance between the
eyes is relatively great among all of the Slavic and Finnish peoples
of eastern Europe, and this dimension increases as one approaches
mongoloid territory. It is of moderate size in almost all of
northwestern and central Europe, but again becomes pronounced in
Ireland, along the coast of Norway, and in the Alpine regions, where
one may attribute this wide-eyed condition not to mongoloid
influences but again to a Palaeolithic survival.
There
are two zones of narrow inter-orbital diameters: (1) the entire
Mediterranean zone from the Atlantic to India, and (2) the Dinaric
zone reaching from the north of Italy to northern Greece. Again in
the so- called Armenoid region of Anatolia and in Armenian territory
itself, an extremely narrow inter-orbital distance prevails. This
criterion may perhaps survive as a means of discrimination between
facially characteristic Palaeolithic survivors and mongoloids,
on the one hand, and basic Mediterraneans and Armenoid-Dinarics, on
the other.
The
size, robusticity, and general form of the lower jaw is again an
excellent racial criterion, but there is not enough data to permit
it to be plotted. The Mediterranean zone from Morocco to India is
characterized by a light, shallow jaw, a narrow bigonial diameter,
and a restricted height dimension between the lower dental border
and chin. This is the typical Mediterranean mandible, whether one
finds it in Spain or in Arabia. The heaviest jaws and greatest
bigonial diameters are found in the northwestern European
borderlands, and in eastern Europe, where mongoloid influence is
strong. The relatively light, narrow jaw of many Dinarics and
Armenoids again suggests that these types are for the most part
brachycephalized forms of tall Mediterraneans.