- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
68
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Despite
the differences between these skulls, which have been emphasized
in the foregoing description, they all have in common an Upper
Palaeolithic character. The dolichocephalic males might have been
direct descendants of the local Late Pleistocene population or
intruders of similar type from North Africa. The mesocephals might
have been, and probably were, the bearers of the Azilian culture
from southern France to Bavaria. The brachycephals, on the other
hand, may have been survivors of the type represented by Solutr6 #2
several thousand years earlier, but their resemblance to the
brachycephals of Afalou bou Rummel is much stronger.
It
is possible that the old Afalou type was thrust into central Europe
at the head of the wave of migration which brought the smaller
Mediterraneans to Portugal. It is likewise possible, but on
archaeological grounds still impossible to demonstrate, that these
brachycephals came from Asia Minor or Palestine, where an
Afalou-like type existed in the early Natufian, and presumably
still earlier. The question of the origin of these brachycephals
cannot be settled without further data.27 At any rate,
the skulls of the Ofnet victims serve to show that various survivors
of an older order had begun to assemble north of the Alps in early
post-glacial times.
From
Ofnet eastward, Mesolithic Europe is a blank until we reach the
Crimea, for in all the intervening territory, no human remains of
this period have been found and described. In the small cave of
Murzak Koba,28 near the Crimean village of Chorgun,
Soviet archaeologists have found two skeletons crushed under heavy
stones which fell from the roof. One is masculine, the other
feminine.
The
man from Murzak Koba was tall (180 cm.); long headed, large headed,
with heavy browridges, and heavy superior oblique ridges on the
occiput. The configuration of the nasion region, with a depressed
root, is typical of Upper Palaeolithic European man; while the
orbits are extremely low and wide. The face is wider than the
Upper Palaeolithic mean, and longer. Murzak Koba man was, without
any question, a survival of the eastern European Upper
Palaeolithic type into Mesolithic times. His female companion
apparently represented the feminine version of the same race.
The
photographs of at least three out of eight Ofnet crania, published
by Scheidt, show apparent signs of tooth knocking. These are K1809,
upper right lateral incisor; K1813, lower right median incisor;
Kaufertsberg, lower left lateral incisor. Since incisor
evulsion was found in some of the Natufian skulls, as well as in
the one published Late Capsian cranium, this might indicate either
a southeastern or a southwestern connection. (Personal
communication of T. D. McCown, for Natufians. The Late Capsian
skull is Ain Mlila, described by Boule, Vallois, and Verneau in the
Afalou monograph.)
*8
Field, Henry, AA, vol. 39, 1937, p. 468.
Mesolithic man in the crimea
THE
MESOLITHIC PERIOD
69
The
cultural equipment of this couple consisted of flint implements and
bone harpoons of Mesolithic type. The bearing of these two skeletons
on the general problem of Mesolithic diffusion is that an entry of
Mesolithic culture and race into Europe from a point this far east
is rendered a little less likely.
This
does not, of course, affect in any way the possibility of an
entrance by way of the Balkans; but extensive reconnaissance work in
Jugoslavia has failed to locate any Mesolithic horizon there.29
We are again forced to the conclusion that the bulk of the
Mesolithic influences, both cultural and physical, which entered
Europe after the retreat of the glacier came into that continent
over the Straits of Gibraltar,30 a conclusion which may,
of course, need revision as new evidence shall come to light.81
During
the maximum of the Wurm II glaciation, Palaeolithic man adapted
himself, as we have seen, to the cold. Once so adapted it is only
natural to suppose that he followed the climate to which he was
accustomed northward as the ice melted, and as the animals
which he ate moved in the same direction. Now the final glaciation
of Europe was centered not in the most northerly point of the
continent, but in the land mass of the Scandinavian Peninsula, and,
apparently, the coasts of Norway (northern and western) were not
affected by the last glacial advance. Human beings thus could
penetrate Scandinavia in Late Palaeolithic times.32
Scandinavia, therefore, formed the last retreat of Old Stone Age man
fleeing before the encroaching temperate conditions with their
growth of forest and change of fauna; for when the ice disappeared
he had no further place to go. Here at last the changing climate of
the early postglacial period faced him with the final necessity
of modifying his culture.
The
accompanying chart renders it unnecessary to describe at length the
changes which took place in the Baltic region during the
Mesolithic.88 In Period I, which lasted from the end of
Palaeolithic times until about 6800 B.C.,
following
the de Geer chronoltfgy, a number of local industries
Fewkes,
V. J.} BASF, #9, 1933, pp. 17-32.
Italy
must be rejected as a likely avenue of entry, since the culture of
that peninsula during the entire Upper Palaeolithic was the
Grimaldian, a local form of Aurignacian, which persisted,
without a Solutrean or Magdalenian interlude, until Mesolithic
times, and even through them to the Neolithic, with only a minor
microlithic influence. Greenlee, R. F., The
Association and Interrelation of the Microlithic Cultures of Europe
and Africa
(privately printed), 1935, pp. 28-31.
Bonch-Osmolovskii,
G., reports the discovery of another Mesolithic skeleton from the
Crimea, buried in a crouching position. He states that it is
earlier than Murzak Koba and is not of “Cr6-Magnon” type.
Quoted by Field, H., AA, vol. 39, 1937, p. 467.
Boe,
J., and Nummedal, A., Le
Finnmarkien.
Most
of the following is based on Clarke, J. G. D., The
Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe;
also, Antiquity, vol. 12, 1938, pp. 154-171.
Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
MESOLITHIC CHRONOLOGY IN THE BALTIC |
|||||||
ill ip |
CLIMATIC PERIODS (after Blytt and Sernander) |
PLEISTOCENE PERIODS |
PHASES OF THE BALTIC (after Munthe and Sauramo) |
FORESTS (after von Post) |
PM |
ARCHAEOLOGY (after Clark) DS |
|
2*000 |
SUB-BOREAL (warm, dry, and continental) |
POST — GLACIAL |
|
|
|
j tfi NEOLITHIC | | |
Survival Komsa-Fosna continuation.. in Neol. |
5.000 |
ATLANTIC farmer, moist, and oceanic) |
< LU <</> pj t Litorina |
Mixed Oak Forests Alder. |
HI |
£ ii ERTEB0LLE j 1 ii 1 I |
||
Maximum Beginning of |
|||||||
6,000 6600< |
BOREAL (warm, dry. and continental) |
Litorina transgression ANCYLUS LAKE (Fresh) |
Hazel Scrub Pine Birch and Pine |
n |
MAGLEMOSE / |
||
7.000 7600-
9.000 10000 |
PRE- BOREAL (First appearance of true forest) |
Birch Pine Willow Herbs and Grasses |
I |
TANGED ) AHRENSBURG. POINT S Remouchamps, Swiderian, CULTURE J Komsa, Fosna + AXES} LYNGBY ? |
|||
w«>s6A |
|||||||
BALTIC ICE-DAMMED LAKE |
|||||||
£5,000 |
LATE GLACIAL (Arctic) |
11J< 4 |
ICE RECEDING FROM BALTIC |
Dryas Flora TUNDRA CONDITIONS |
|
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC HAMBURG CULTURE (MEIENDORF) |
Fig.
16
Adapted
and combined from the charts of Godwin and Clark, with further
modifications suggested by Movius. Godwin, H.,
“Pollenanalysis,” etc., The
New Phytologist,
Vol. 33, #4, Oct. 12, 1934, p. 339. Clark, J. G. D., The
Mesolithic Age in Northern Europe,
p. 53.
prototypes,
and the Hamburg culture of Meiendorf, which was ancestral to the
Ahrensburg of Period I, was partly contemporaneous with the French
Magdalenian.
In
the very north of Scandinavia, during at ltiast the latter part of
Period I, tanged-point using people lived beyond the upper edge of
the glacier, isolated, on a narrow coastal fringe, from the rest of
mankind. To the south of the ice, in Denmark and the southern end of
Sweden, as
THE
MESOLITHIC PERIOD
71
well
as in northern Germany, Palaeolithic survivors apparently invented
the so-called “Lyngby” antler axe to cope with the encroaching
forest. However, the most important culture of this period was the
Ahrensburg,
After
Clark, J. G. D., The
Mesolithic Settlement of Northwestern Europe,
1936, Fig. 15, p. 55; Antiquity, vol. 12, 1938, Fig. 2, p. 158.
which
is best known from recent excavations at Stellmoor, a few miles
northeast of Hamburg.
In
Boreal times, Period II (ca. 6800-5600 B.C.)
the bed
of the North Sea rose, and England and Scotland were joined to
Denmark by dry land. At the same time the Baltic became a
fresh-water lake, called the Ancylus. The entire North European
plain, from England over to the Urals, was covered with a temperate
forest. In this forest arose the Maglemose culture, which was
derived from three elements: (1) the previous cultures of
72
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
the
north, especially the Ahrensburg and the “Lyngby axe” cultures,
(2) the Magdalenian, already incorporated in the Ahrensburg, (3) the
northward moving Tardenoisian, of eventual southern and southeastern
inspiration. Hence, the inhabitants of northern Europe in Period I
(ca. 11,800-6800 B.C.)
were
simply the descendants of the people who had lived immediately south
of the ice-sheet for several thousand years, while during Period II
(6800-5600 B.C.)
they
were joined by the vanguard of newcomers, whom we may already have
met at Ofnet. These facts should give us some idea of the physical
composition of the North European population during these two
periods.
The
culture of Period III, which roughly coincides with the time of the
Atlantic climatic phase, was conditioned by further changes of
environment. The waters of the ocean rose due to the melting of
the ice, the Baltic again became salt, and Britain was isolated from
the continent by the encroachment of the North Sea. During Period
III, the Maglemose manner of living persisted in the North European
peripheries, while in the special center of Denmark and southern
Sweden developed a new culture, the Ertebjzflle.
The
Erteb^lle people were gatherers and eaters of molluscs on the shores
of the newly formed Litorina Sea, and at the same time salt-water
fishermen. Their kitchen-middens, or shell-heaps, contain
quantities of animal bones and discarded artefacts, including a
crude pottery ware.
The
Ertebjzflle culture had its roots in the Maglemose, although
undoubtedly it was reinforced by new elements presumably from
the south and east, and it was a local development from local human
material. When the Neolithic farmers and herders finally reached
Denmark and southern Sweden, they found a sedentary population of
clam-diggers and fishermen firmly established along the coast, and
owing to the abundance of sea food, this population must have been
one of considerable density. Well-equipped sea fishermen on the
shores of richly stocked waters offer far more resistance to
invading agriculturalists than do hunters. The Erteb^lle people were
not driven out by their Neolithic neighbors, nor were they absorbed
without trace into a larger population. In southern Scandinavia the
old racial elements persisted alongside and in combination with the
new, while in Norway the old tanged point makers lived on, to
contribute technical methods to the Neolithic craftsmen.
Period
I is not represented by a single piece of human bone which can be
dated with any pretense of accuracy. Period II, the Maglemose, is
known from a number of skeletal finds, most of which, however, are
in doubt. The only remains which are completely accepted and about
which there can be no question are: (1) St&ngenas, near Roe, in
the Parish of