Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Carleton Stevens Coon. - The races of Europe. -...docx
Скачиваний:
13
Добавлен:
15.08.2019
Размер:
3.65 Mб
Скачать

Plate 1

Lapps and samoyeds

During the Late Pleistocene and the post-glacial Mesolithic cultural period, descend­ants of Upper Palaeolithic hunters lived in North Africa, in most of Europe, and in west­ern Siberia, where some of them merged into the ancestors of the mongoloid group of humanity. Even during the Upper Palaeolithic cultural period in western Europe, some of the hunting peoples showed incipiently mongoloid racial tendencies. Among the living descendants of these hunters, these tendencies are more common in the eastern groups than among those living in the west.

Aside from the Ainu, the Lapps represent the easternmost in locus of development of the basically white hunting groups which survived, and the only one which retained a non-agricultural economy until modern times. Their present location in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula is probably recent, and their area of differentia­tion is believed to have been situated in the neighborhood of the Urals.

Fig. 1 (3 views, Lundborg and Linders, The Racial Characteristics of the Swedish Nation, Plate 28). This Swedish Reindeer Lapp from Jamtland shows no evidence of Nordic or other non-Lappish admixture; he may be taken as the closest approximation to a Lap­pish prototype which may be found. Like the Lapps as a whole, he is short-statured, small-bodied, small-headed, and brachycephalic. His morphological resemblance to the Alpine race is striking; he is less mongoloid in appearance than some others of equal purity.

Fig. 2 (1 view, photo Martin Luther). An unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who looks just as Alpine as does Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 (1 view, photo Martin Luther). Another unmixed coastal Lapp from Norway, who shows more of an incipiently mongoloid character than do the two preceding. Like the others, this individual is brunet white in skin color, dark-haired and dark-eyed.

Fig. 4 (1 view, photo Martin Luther). The incipiently mongoloid features found in some Lapps are usually more pronounced in the women than in the men. This Norwe­gian Lapp woman, who possesses these features, is seen to resemble facially the type commonly known as “Slavic” or “East Baltic/’ in central and eastern Europe. There is nothing really mongoloid about these features; the resemblance is remote and col­lateral.

Fig. 5. (1 view, photo Martin Luther). This 18 year old Norwegian Lapp boy pos­sesses all of the most characteristically Lappish features of the face: a shallow mandible; a pointed, retreating chin; a lateral malar prominence; facial prognathism; a pointed and elevated nasal tip; and a low nasal bridge.

Fig. 6 (2 views, photo Martin Luther). A Norwegian Lapp, with light skin, light eyes, and brown hair. Although considered a pure Lapp, this man has many Nordic traits. He is much more typical of the Lapps as a whole than are Figs. 1,2, or 3, who were chosen to represent the Lappish prototype rather than the Lapps as a group.

Fig. 7 (3 views, Anthropological Laboratory, Institute of Peoples of the North, Leningrad). A 20 year old Samoyed, from northern Russia. This young Samoyed, while by no means exaggeratedly mongoloid, is much more so than any unmixed Lapp; his coarse, black, and straight hair, his dark skin, and black iris color, as well as his facial features, show that he is at least partially descended fi*om fully evolved mongoloid ancestors. Samoyeds vary greatly in mongoloid content; this individual seems to ap­proach the mean in this respect. The arrival of the Samoyeds in northern Europe was later than that of the Lapps; their point of departure in Asia farther east.

Plate 2

UGRIAN-SPEAKERS OF LADOGAN-RACIAL TYPE

The Uralic linguistic stock, spoken by Lapps, Finns, Magyars, Asiatic Ugrians, and Samoyeds, is divided into Finno-Ugrian and Samoyedic. The Ugrian branch is today spoken by two widely separated groups, the Magyars of Hungary and Transylvania, and the Ostiaks and Voguls of the Obi drainage. The early Ugrians were presumably, like the Finns, Danubian-like or Nordic peoples of the middle Volga country, who ab­sorbed the older hunting population of the eastern European forest. Later the Ugrians were subjected to mongoloid influences at the times of Hunnish, Turkish, and Mongol invasions. The individuals shown on Plate 2 were chosen to illustrate in varying forms and degrees the old Ladogan racial type.

Fig. 1 (3 views). A Magyar from Budapest; a man of moderately tall stature, hyper- brachycephaly, and moderately great head size; with a large face, low orbits, a wide interorbital distance, and a median eyefold. These characters, in combination with laterally prominent malars and a wide, heavy mandible, mark this individual as a La­dogan prototype. He represents a reemergence of a racial element living in the eastern European woodlands in early post-glacial times; this type is one of the general group of Palaeolithic survivors, in this case largely unreduced. As with the related Palaeolithic survivors of northwestern Europe, its tendency to blondism must be considered inte­gral, and not the result of Nordic admixture. Like the Lapp this type is incipiently mongoloid, but it differs profoundly from the Lapp in pigmentation, general size, and in the size and structure of the mandible. This individual appears to recapitulate in many respects the original Ladogan strain found among the Ugrian-speaking ancestors of the Magyars who invaded Hungary from their home in the Volga country. While typical of a true Magyar element in his country, he is not typical of the population of Hungary as a whole.

Fig. 2 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). An Ostiak woman from Siberia. The Ladogan facial features are usually better exemplified in women than in men. The Ostiak woman shown above is as good a Ladogan prototype as the Magyar shown above. Note the blond hair, light eyes, the great interorbital distance, the broad, low- bridged nose with elevated snub tip, and the wide malars.

Fig. 3 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). An Ostiak man with some Sam­oyed admixture; the hair is brown, the eyes mixed, the face freckled. In addition to the Ladogan element seen in the first two, this individual probably contains some evolved mongoloid admixture.

Fig. 4 (3 views, Institute of Peoples of the North). A Vogul man; showing more evi­dence of mongoloid admixture than the above. It must be emphasized that nearly all of the mongoloid racial factors possessed by the Ugrian speakers resident in Siberia were acquired after their shift of territory from European Russia to Asia.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]