- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
609
Greeks
is a matter that requires ample data and some analysis to explain.
One may attribute much of the blondism, perhaps, to the invasion
that brought the Sphakiots, while some of it must be inherent in the
Atlanto- Mediterranean race. But the arrival of the early
Greek-speakers may have brought blondism other than that borne by
the brachycephals, and Crete is an island; it is a principle of
insular anthropology, well borne out by the British Isles, that when
a numerous group invades an island it has a better chance for
survival than in a continental area where there is a nearby
mountainous or forest-covered hinterland, to which earlier types may
retreat and from which they may reemerge.
The
important discovery about Crete, however, is the fact that its
population is mostly Atlanto-Mediterranean; this race seems to be
almost equally important in most of Greece. It has also appeared in
the Dinaric area, and in Serbia; we shall see more of it in the
eastern Balkans.
East
of the Illyrians and north of the Macedonians lived, in classical
times, the Thracians. Their territory reached beyond the Danube on
the north to the border of Scythian country, and on the east to the
Black Sea. In the period of their greatest power, between 450 and
300 B.C., they were a numerous and important people; Herodotus
called them the most numerous west of India. The southern
Thracians were more or less Hellenized culturally, the northern ones
in later times were Romanized, and were also influenced by the
settlement of Goths among them. The invasions of the South Slavs,
however, put an end to what remained of their ethnic identity.
The
Thracians are introduced here, at this late date, because they were
not discussed in Chapter VI, along with the other Indo-European-
speaking peoples of the Iron Age. The reason for this omission is
that no skeletal material worthy of mention has been described which
can be associated with them. A single skull which was probably
Thracian, however, was dolichocephalic and leptorrhine.132
Classical descriptions of Thracians make them tall, powerful, and
apparently fair. As such they fit into the general scheme of the
Iron Age Indo-European-speaking peoples.
Bulgaria
was once Thracian country; a few centuries after its Romaniza- tion,
it was submerged by a Slavic invasion, the advance guard of the
movement which brought Slavic speech into Serbia. This Slavic
invasion, which resulted in a permanent settlement of the country,
was followed by a further invasion of still heathen Ugrian tribes
under Turkish leadership,
132 Weisbach,
A., MAGW,
vol. 29,
1899. The foregoing discussion of the Thracians is based mainly on
Lebzelter, V., MAGW,
vol.
49,1929, pp. 61-126, See also, Pittard, E.? Les
Peuples des Balkans,
pp. 139-153*
Bulgaria
610
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
similar
to the movement which brought the ancestors of the Magyars to
Hungary. The subsequent history of Bulgaria was the opposite to that
of Hungary; the Bulgars, who had left their eastern Russian home
before the rise of the Bolgar Empire, kept their Ugrian name, but
gave up their language, in favor of the speech of their Slavic
predecessors. Whereas the Magyars became Catholics, the Bulgars
adopted Orthodox Christianity. The next invaders of Bulgaria of
importance were the Ottoman Turks, who took over the fertile
Danubian farm lands, and settled large colonies of Asiatic Turks on
them. Sporadic invasions of Tatars from South Russia mingled
themselves with this Turkish body. At the time of the Russian
conquest of the Caucasus, many Moslem Cherkesses fled to Bulgaria to
avoid submission to Christians.
Since
the war, many of the Turkish peasants have left Bulgaria, and many
of the Cherkesses as well. There are still islands of these people
throughout the country, but especially in the eastern lowlands, and
there are minor colonies of Greeks, of Tatars, and of Rumanians. To
the west, the Bulgarians occupy the greater part of Yugoslavian
Macedonia, and border in this neighborhood on the Albanians. To the
south, they extend to the head of the Aegean, where their
settlements are interspersed with those of Turks and Greeks. Most of
the Bulgarians are still Orthodox Christians, but a large minority,
especially in Macedonia, is Moslem.
The
stature of the Bulgarians varies regionally from 166 cm. to 168
cm.;133 the tallest are found in Macedonia, and also in
the very northeastern part of Bulgaria. There is a strong
social segregation on the basis of stature; students at the Sofia
Military Academy had, in 1906, a mean stature of 171.5 cm.;134
other socially selected samples rise to 170 cm. The Bulgar colonists
who live in the Crimea have a mean of 169 cm., those in the Rumanian
Dobruja, 167 cm. The mean cephalic index of over 5000 Bulgarian
soldiers is 79.6; this varies within the kingdom of Bulgaria from
80.8 in the north, to 79.9 in the southwest, and 78.2 in the south.
Christian Bulgars of Macedonia have a mean of 83.3, in the region of
Monastir this rises to 85; Moslem Bulgars are less brachycephalic,
with a mean of 80.5, while in the neighborhood of Salonika small
local samples of Bulgars are actually dolichocephalic, with a mean
of 76.4, and in the neighborhood of Adrianople in Turkish Thrace,
the mean is only 78.3. Bulgarian Emigres in the Crimea have a mean
of 78.7.
Wateff,
S., BMSA,
ser. 5,
vol. 5, 1904, pp. 437-458.
Drontschilow,
K., AFA,
vol. 42,
1915, pp. 1-76.
Hasluck,
M., and Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 21, 1929, pp. 325-334.
Kirkoff,
N., BMSA,
ser. 5,
vol. 7, 1906, pp. 226-233.
Lebzelter,
V., MAGW,
vol. 59,
1929, pp. 61-126; vol. 53, 1933, pp. 233-251.
Nosov,
A., Z. AntrK,
vol. 3,
1929, pp. 1-53; PCZA,
1930,
pp. 311-312.
Pittard,
E., Les
Peuples des Balkans.
Kirkoff,
N., BMSA,
1906.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
611
Thus
within the Bulgarian people there is a strong tendency toward
dolichocephaly, strong enough to impress mesocephaly upon the nation
as a whole. The strongest expression of this tendency is found in
the southern part of the kingdom, and beyond Bulgarian territory
proper. True brachycephals are found only among the Macedonian
Bulgars who live in close contact with Albanians.
The
Bulgarians of the kingdom have heads of moderate size, with a mean
length of about 189 mm. and a breadth of 150 mm.; they are
comparable in this respect to the longer-headed Greeks. Their
faces, however, are narrower than those of most Balkan peoples; the
minimum frontal mean is 105 mm., the bizygomatic 139 mm., and the
bigonial 108 mm. As with the Greeks, the jaw is wider than the
forehead, but both widths are much narrower than with the latter.
The face height, 121 mm., is moderate, the facial index, 87,
mesoprosopic. On the other hand the upper facial index, 55, is
relatively high. The ratio between the two facial indices assumes a
Mediterranean position. The nasal diameters, 55 mm. by 36 mm., yield
a moderately leptorrhine index, 65.
So
far, the metrical position of the main group of Bulgarians is that
of a moderately tall-statured Mediterranean group, with the addition
of some brachycephalizing agent in a minor numerical position. The
pigmentation of the Bulgars, while lighter than that of the
Greeks, is predominantly dark. About 25 per cent have pure dark
eyes, about 15 per cent light and light-mixed; the remaining
majority are dark or evenly mixed. The head hair is dark brown or
very dark reddish brown in almost the entire group; even among
children, definitely blond combinations of hair, eye, and skin color
do not exceed 10 per cent of the whole. Among adults light head hair
is rare. The beard, however, shows the same tendency to
disproportionate lightness found among Albanians, Montenegrins, and
Cretans, but not among Greeks; the brunet colors found in about 90
per cent of the head hair occurs in only 50 per cent of the beards.
Medium and light brown beards account for most of the rest. There is
a notable absence of ash-blondism in this group.
Most
of the Bulgars have straight nasal profiles; concave forms are found
principally in the northwest, adjoining Serbian territory, where
they amount to 12 per cent. Convexity is rare among all Bulgarians,
but least so in Macedonia. The snubbed tip so characteristic of
northern and eastern Slavs is by no means unknown among them, but is
in the minority.
The
Bulgarians are a composite people, with the following racial
elements easily discernible: (a) a medium to tall-statured
Atlanto-Mediterranean; (b) a partially blond Neo-Danubian, of
typical snub-nosed form; (c) a Nordic; (d) a Dinaric, with the usual
Alpine corollary; (e) a brachycephalic central Asiatic Turkish
or Tatar form. The basic element is the