- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
410
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
evidence,
but we may be sure that it is not of pure Mediterranean origin. It
is probably confined largely to the city people and to the older of
the indigenous families.
Information
on the exact physical character of the nomadic peoples of the Nejd
is likewise lacking, but we possess a body of information upon a
number of the tribes which pasture their camels in Transjordania and
in the desert portions of Syria and Iraq. Notable among these is the
Ruwalla tribe made famous by the writings of Lawrence, Musil,
Raswan, and others.7
A series of 270 adult male Ruwalla measured by Shanklin 8
is shorter than the Yemenis, with a mean stature of 162 cm., but
other Bedawin tribes, such as the Shammar,9
are taller, and as one enters sedentary regions in the north the
Bedawin stature reaches 170 cm.10
On the whole, however, the northern Arabs must be considered a
medium to short people. A relative sitting height of 51, among the
Ruwalla, agrees with that of the Yemenis, and is a standard
Mediterranean character.
The
heads of the Ruwalla, with a mean length of 192 mm., are a little
longer than those of the Yemenis, and the cephalic index of 75 a
little lower. The faces of the Ruwalla, with a mean bizygomatic
diameter of 130 mm., are extremely narrow. Other dimensions resemble
those familiar to us in the Yemen. The skin color of the
Ruwalla seems to be on the whole somewhat darker than that of the
Yemenis. The hair is usually black or dark brown, and no instance of
partial blondism is recorded by Shanklin, although individuals
who possess it have been noticed by other observers. It is
evident, however, that the 25 per cent of incipient blondism noted
in the Yemen is not present in this tribe, although Field has found
an even higher ratio among the Shammar.11
There
are two easily distinguished types among the Ruwalla: a grosser
type, with a broader face and straight and medium to broad nose,
which bears certain resemblances to the aboriginal population of the
Hadhramaut and Dhofar; and what may be described as a finer
type, to which most of the sheikhly families belong; this is
narrower-faced and narrower- nosed, with often a concave or beaked
nasal profile. This hawk-faced type of Arabian aristocrat is better
known than the other type, but is probably the less numerous. It
reaches its extreme personification in the* old warrior Sheikh 'Auda
Abu Tayy, whose lineaments are familiar
Musil,
A., The
Manners and Customs of the Ruwalla Bedawin.
Raswan,
C., Black
Tents of Arabia.
s
Shanklin, W. M., JRAI,
vol.
65, 1935, pp. 375-390.
9 Unpublished
data, courtesy Dr. Henry Field.
Shanklin,
W. M., AJPA,
vol.
21, #2, 1936, pp. 217-252.
Shanklin,
W. M., and Izzeddin, N., ^JPA, vol. 22, #3, 1937, pp. 381-415.
11 Unpublished
data. Courtesy Dr. Henry Field.7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
411
to
thousands through the charcoal portrait published in Lawrence’s
Seven
Pillars of Wisdom.
The
purest Mediterranean group in northern Arabia is that of the
Solubbies or Sleyb, a curious outcast people who wander about in
small family units from camp to camp acting as hunters, leather
workers, and tinkers to the Bedawin.12
The despised position of the Sleyb may be deduced from their
ragged clothing, small tents, and the fact that they have no camels
and are not allowed to ride on horses. They are, however, regarded
as true natives of the desert, and know more about its topography,
and can survive in it under greater hardships than any other people.
Measurements taken by Dr. Henry Field on a series of these scattered
people13
show them to fall closely to the Yemen plateau standard, and they
appear lighter skinned and less Dravidian than the common run of
Bedawin.
The
origin of the camel-herding Bedawin, with their long genealogies and
their complex social structure, has long been a problem to
ethnologists. Although there is no space here for a lengthy
dissertation upon this subject, it is the author’s belief that the
camel- and mare-breeding complex of the Bedawin is an off-shoot of
the cattle culture of southern Arabia, which is, in turn, closely
related to the cattle complex of India and East Africa. With
advancing desiccation and the collapse of the early civilizations of
southern Arabia, it is likely that one or more tribes and families
of Yemenite and Veddoid origin moved northward from the Nejran into
the Nejd and the Syrian desert, transferring the economic aspects of
their cattle culture to their camels, and its social aspects to
their mares. According to this hypothesis the Sleyb and the socially
inferior non-Aneyze tribesmen, who live as much on sheep as on
camels, represent the earlier elements in the population, and are
more purely Mediterranean than the Ruwalla.
The
physical anthropology of the Arabic-speaking inhabitants of
Mesopotamia has been extensively studied; 14
and we have adequate series to indicate that this population is
reasonably homogeneous throughout the middle and lower courses of
the Tigris and Euphrates. The stature of these modern Mesopotamians
is higher than that of the Arabs of Arabia
12 The
authority on this people is Maj. Glubb, who has written a paper on
them soon to be published by Dr. Henry Field.
13 Unpublished
data. Courtesy Dr. Henry Field.
14 Field,
Henry, Arabs
of Central Iraq;
further publications in preparation.
Ehrich,
Robert, a series of 33 Mesopotamian Arabs published in Coon, C. S.,
Tribes
of the Rif.
IRAQ
AND THE COASTAL REGIONS OF THE PERSIAN GULF
412
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
proper,
with means ranging from 168 cm. in the Kish area south of Bagdad
to 171 cm. in the region of Kirkuk. The Iraq army, which is a
selected group, has a mean stature of 172.6 cm. Like the Arabs,
however, the Mesopotamians are long legged, and their body build is
predominantly linear. The cephalic index of various series
approximates 76, and only a small minority is brachycephalic.
The
dimensions of the head are very similar to those of the Arabs, but
with a mean length of approximately 190 and a mean breadth of 142 to
146 mm. in various series. The total face height is moderate, except
in the north, where it rises to a mean of 128 mm. The upper face
height is in all regions great, and the bizygomatic diameters are
moderate, with means of 130 to 133 mm. in the Kish region and among
Iraqian soldiers, but run as high as 138 mm. in the Kirkuk region.
Both facial and upper facial indices of the Iraqians show
leptoprosopic tendencies, but the accent is upon the length of the
upper face and not on the total face height.
Nasal
dimensions are somewhat larger than in Arabia; the noses are both
longer and broader, with leptorrhine nasal indices. The bigonial
breadth of 102 mm. is comparable to that of most Arabians. From the
standpoint of regional distribution, the most important
anthropometric differentiation in the Iraqian area is the increase
in face length and breadth found in the upper part of the valley. A
heavier, deeper jaw and a broader face, characteristic of the people
of northern Iraq, serves as a transition to the facial form of
mountaineers of Armenia and Azerbaijan.
The
hair form of the Mesopotamians is usually low waves, and it is on
the whole straighter than that of Arabs. It is prevailingly dark
brown or black, with a small minority of some 5 per cent with blond
or reddish hues. The head hair is usually thick, while the beard
hair is very strong and, in at least one-half of the group, it is
much heavier than the beards in Arabia. The body hair is also on the
heavy side, and 50 per cent is recorded as excessive. As in Arabia,
the eye color is prevailingly dark brown, and one finds 25 per cent
of mixed light hues. The eyebrows are thick, concurrent in all but
12 per cent of the series, and extend widely beyond the orbits in a
lateral direction.
In
the morphology of the nose the Mesopotamian population differs
considerably from that of Arabia. The nasal profile is usually
straight, but convex forms are more numerous than concave. The tip
is thick in 75 per cent of the group, and depressed in 70 per cent.
The wings are rarely compressed, usually medium, and in 25 per cent
flaring. Photographs of Iraqians shown in Dr. Henry Field’s
monograph show that the faces are larger, the noses much more
prominent and thicker-tipped, the beards much heavier, the
browridges heavier in Iraq than among either the Yemeni Arabs or the
pure northern Bedawin. There is a strong Irano-
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
413
Afghan
element here as well as the Atlanto-Mediterranean, and many
transitional forms, while small, fine-featured Arab
Mediterranean types are rare.
The
Iraqian population is without doubt much the same today as it was in
Sumerian and Babylonian times; the post-Islamic acquisition of Arab
blood has made very little difference in the racial constitution of
this country, while the infiltration of Armenoids from the north has
also been negligible. There are, however, some unabsorbed tribes of
northern Arabian Bedawin, living in the heart of Mesopotamia, as a
study of the extremely dolichocephalic and narrow-faced Ba'ij
Bedawin, who pasture their flocks in the so-called “ island”
between the Tigris and Euphrates, will make clear.15
At
the head of the Persian Gulf, on the western side just below Basra,
is a small, independent kingdom called Kuwait. Kuwaitis are noted
navigators, and sail their large dhows full of dates down the
Persian Gulf past Oman and around to Aden, and even cross over to
Dar es-Salaam and Mombasa. A small series of 40 Kuwait sailors
measured in Aden harbor,16
show closer relationships, in many respects, with Mesopotamia than
with the rest of Arabia. However, the stature of 165 cm. is not
great, but the bodily build is frequently heavy and thick-set. The
shoulders are especially broad, the sitting height great. A mean
relative span of 106 far exceeds that of all other known Arabs, and
the relative sitting height of 52.5 approaches average European
proportions.
There
are two chief differences in the anthropometry of the head and face
between the Kuwaitis and the normal Mediterranean Arab type as
exemplified by the Yemenis; in the first place, the Kuwaiti head,
while about the same size as that of the Yemenis, is usually both
shorter and broader, with a mean cephalic index of 79.6; in the
second place, the faces and noses of the Kuwaitis are much larger. A
total face height of 128.2 mm. is as long as any in Mesopotamia, and
the upper face height of 73.5 varies accordingly. This excessive-
length does not apply particularly to the nose, which has a
mean length of 56 mm. and a mean breadth of 36 mm. The facial index
of the Kuwaitis, 96.4, is extremely lepto- prosopic, and the upper
face index of 56 extremely leptene. A nasal index of 64.7, while
still leptorrhine, is higher than that of most Arabs.
The
exposed skin color of the Kuwait sailors is usually darker than that
of Yemenis, reaching in half of the series the browjn shade
represented by Fischer #21 to #25. The unexposed skin color is also
dark, and ranges, in most cases, between#10 and #18 in the Fischer
chart. Thus the skin color of these people is characteristically
light brown. It is, at the same time, however, frequently vascular.
16
Field, Henry, Arabs
of Central Iraq,
pp. 448-456.
This
is part of the hitherto unpublished Arabian series measured by the
author.
414
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
The
hair is straight in half of the series, and in the rest low-waved.
It is thus much straighter than the hair of the normal Mediterranean
Arabs. The beard and head hair are usually heavy. The head hair is
characteristically black, while the beard shows hues ranging from
brown to gold and red in one-third of the entire series. The high
ratio of 18 per cent of red beards was found in this small group.
The
usual 25 per cent of mixed eyes occurs here, while the rest are
mostly dark brown. The eyebrows are in all cases thick, and usually
concurrent; the browridges are medium to heavy. The morphology of
the nose is different from that of the Yemenis, for the nasion
depression is frequently great, the nasal root and bridge somewhat
broader than among most Arabs, and the profile more often straight
than convex. The tip is medium to thick, and usually horizontal or
inclined upwards. The nasal wings are medium and seldom compressed.
The nostrils are wider than those of the Yemenis, and set at a more
oblique axis. The lips are, as a rule, thicker and more everted, and
the chin more frequently strongly developed. This straighter-haired,
darker-skinned, heavier-nosed, and longer-faced type seems at
variance with the rest of Arabia, and has its connections rather
with Mesopotamia and regions to the east.
We
know little about the population of Oman, except that it is of
medium stature, with a mean of 164.8 cm., and the heads are of
moderate size, with a mesocephalic index of 78.17
The Omanis, the greatest sailors of all Arabia, include
brachycephals as well as Mediterraneans, and through their centuries
of dominance in East Africa and their monopoly of the slave trade,
have acquired much African blood. Although all Omanis are by no
means negroid, there is a large negro and negroid population in the
farming villages and date groves of Oman, as there is on the Yemen
coast.
On
the other side of the Persian Gulf colonies of seafaring Arabs have
settled at various points. One of the most important colonies of
this region is at Lenja. A small series of sailors from this port
was also measured at Aden.18
These Lenja men are shorter (161 cm.) than the Omanis, and built
like the Kuwaitis; they are, for the most part, sub-brachycephalic,
with a mean cephalic index of 81; in facial dimensions they are not
unlike Yemenis, and they seem to bear a strain of the same
brachycephalic maritime element f^und along the Yemen coast, as well
as in Oman.
They
are somewhat lighter-skinned than the Kuwaitis; they are
exclusively straight-haired, tend to baldness and very heavy
beards, and to have black hair and reddish-brown beard color. The
eyes are dark brown in 75 per cent of the series, and the other
fourth includes some pure lights.
Leys,
N, M., and Joyce, T. A., JRAI,
vol.
43, 1913, pp. 195-267.M
Part of the author’s unpublished Arabian series. Only 21 Lenja men
were measured.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
415
These
Lenja people seem to have more than the usual fourth of partial
blondism, especially in reference to beard color.
It
is a curious fact that in three ships’ crews studied, two from
Kuwait and one from Lenja, in each ship the officers, who belonged
to ship- owning families, were partial blonds, the crew was mostly
brunet, and the cook was a negro.
The
Lenja sailors have, almost without exception, extremely thick
concurrent eyebrows and heavy browridges. Their noses are
characterized by considerable nasion depression, a much lower
bridge than is usual among the Arabs, and a greater bridge breadth.
The nasal profile is convex in 43 per cent of the group, straight in
most of the others. The nasal tip is of moderate thickness and
usually horizontal. The wings are frequently flaring, the lips are
thicker than those of most Arabs in the in- tegumcntal sense, but
thin membranously, and of relatively little eversion. The general
character of the face is the same as that of most Arabs—compressed
malars and only moderate gonial angles. As is usual with the coastal
brachycephalic type, the ears frequently show an extreme slant.
Extreme occipital protrusion is not found, and occipital flattening
occurs in one-fourth of the series. The body build is broad and
stocky.
On
the whole the seafaring Arabs who occupy both sides of the Persian
Gulf conform but slightly to the Mediterranean Arab prototype.
Mesopotamian influence is apparent particularly in Kuwait,
while it seems likely that the coastal maritime brachycephalic
people, who are found in the fishing and seafaring villages of the
Hadhramaut and Yemen, came from the Persian Gulf region. Present
information is not yet sufficiently complete to permit a careful
analysis of this maritime Persian Gulf population, but it is
very urgent that Bahrain Island and Oman in particular should be
carefully studied in the future.
In
the previous section we have seen that the Arabs proper belong
almost without exception to the most typical and most highly
evolved form of the Mediterranean race. The Mesopotamians, on the
other hand, represent a blend or a transitional form between the
taller Atlanto- Mediterranean and the Irano-Afghan race, while the
Arabic-speaking peoples on either side of the Persian Gulf contain a
large contingent of a short, round-headed, laterally built, maritime
populatibn which has played a considerable part in the history of
Arabian navigation. The Irano- Afghan race, prominent since Sumerian
times in Mesopotamia, is the chief population element in the entire
highland territory from the western border of Iran to northern
India. In the present section we shall deal primarily with the
peoples of this mountain area who speak various forms
THE
IRANO-AFGHAN RACE; IRAN AND AFGHANISTAN