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onward. To this same side of the chart arc added the modern mongoloids and the mongoloid element in the American Indian.

The lower half of the chart seems relatively simple in comparison with the upper portion, in which an attempt is made to show the relationships between these skeletal races and the living. The comparative simplicity of the lower portion, however, may reflect ignorance on our part rather than actual genetic isolation, since there was undoubtedly much mixing back and forth between the branches of each of the major lines, as well as between the lines themselves.

The proposed classification of living whites and near-whites, which is shown on the top of the chart, may be listed in more detailed form as follows:

1. Large-headed palaeolithic survivors

1. Brunn: (Cr6-Magnon, to some extent) found in solution with Borreby, Nordic, and other elements, mostly in Scandinavia and the British Isles, also in North Africa and Canary Islands. May appear in comparatively pure form among individuals although nowhere as a total population.

2. Borreby: Large-headed brachycephals of Ofnet-Afalou type, the unreduced brachycephalic strain in Cro-Magnon; found in solution in peripheral re­gions of northwestern Europe, and as a major population element in most of northern and central Germany, and in Belgium. Like the Brunn race, with which it is often associated, it occurs also in North Africa and the Canary Islands.

2. Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic sur­vivors of moderate head size56

3. Alpine: A reduced and somewhat foetalized survivor of the Upper Palaeo­lithic population in Late Pleistocene France, highly brachycephalized; seems to represent in a large measure the bearer of the brachycephalic factor in Cr6-Magnon. Close approximations to this type appear also in the Balkans and in the highlands of western and central Asia, suggesting that its ancestral prototype was widespread in Late Pleistocene times. In modern races it sometimes appears in a relatively pure form, sometimes as an element in mixed brachycephalic populations of multiple origin. It may have served in both Pleistocene and modern times as a bearer of the tendency toward brachycephalization into various populations.

4. ' Ladogan: I propose to give this name to the descendants of the mesocephalic and brachycephalic forest-dwelling population of northern Europe east of the Baltic in Kammkeramik times. This type is a blend of a partly mongo­loid brachycephalic element with a mesocephalic form of general Upper Palaeolithic aspect; these elements are seen in crania from Lake Ladoga and Salis Roje. (See Chapter IV, section 13, pp. 125-126.) Corded and/or Danubian elements are inextricably blended here, although the mongoloid

66. Foetalization in a skeletal sense, which is, for obvious reasons, the only sense im­plicit here, involves a reduction of male secondary sex characters in the skull, and at the same time a reduction in skeletal sex differentiation.