- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
182
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
familiar
in the earlier part of our study, and not a deus
ex machina
conjured up by linguists and politicians.
In
beginning our survey of Iron Age Indo-European peoples, it may be
well to choose the earliest instance in which we can definitely
identify a language with a culture and a racial entity. This is true
of the so-called Hallstatt culture associated with the Illyrian
branch of Indo-European speech. Although usually classified with
Centum, Illyrian, like Tokharian B, belonged to an ancient form of
Indo-European which perhaps antedated the clear segregation
into Centum and Satem.15
This
culture arose in central Europe, with southern Germany and Austria
as a focus, sometime shortly after the beginning of the first
millennium B.C. It developed out of local Bronze Age origins
carried over from the Urnfields, and in turn from Aunjetitz. Other
Middle and Late Bronze Age influences reached it, particularly that
of the tumulus culture of the south German highlands; likewise both
cremation and the use of iron were introduced from outside. Still,
whatever the complexity of archaeological detail, the Hallstatt
civilization may be considered primarily the work of the indigenous
central European population, with little if any accretions.
The
Hallstatt culture spread in many directions, including the
southeast, where it penetrated Bosnia, and eventually Albania.
It moved slowly northward, until it reached the Scandinavian and
North German area, bringing iron to these regions relatively late;
while to the southwest, it crossed France and penetrated Catalonia.
To the immediate south, it likewise spread over the Alps into Italy,
where the invading Illyrians split into a number of local tribal
groups, including the Veneti. It would be foolish to claim that
every site with Hallstatt cultural remains carries the bones or
ashes of Illyrian speakers. This may only with certainty be
asserted for the central area, and for the regions immediately
adjacent, while in the west it is fairly certain that some of the
peoples in a Hallstatt level of culture were actually Kelts.
The
Hallstatt crania from Austria, including those from the type site
itself, form a reasonably homogeneous, entirely long-headed group.16
(See Appendix I, col. 32.) This group is the legitimate, local
successor to the Aunjetitz, and like the latter it resembles the
Danubian Neolithic
16
Whatmough, J., The
Foundations of Roman Italy,
p. 177.
Through
combining several series, 24 adult male crania may be assembled.
Hochstetter,
F. von, MAGW, vol. 7, 1878, pp. 297-318.
Rosensprung,
L. M., MAGW, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 338-344.
Schliz,
A., AFA, vol. 37, 1910, pp. 201-251.
Schurer
von Waldheim, Hella, MAGW, vols. 48-49, 1919, pp. 247-263.
Weisbach,
A., MAGW, vol. 18, 1888, pp. 51-52.
Zuckerkandl,
E., MAGW, vol. 13, 1883, pp 89-118.
The illyrians
THE
IRON AGE
183
series
in many respects. In certain characters, however, it leans in a
Corded direction, and these include a heightening of the orbits and
a narrowing and lengthening of the nose. Certain of the individual
crania are of definitely Corded type. Morphologically, as well as
metrically, most of these skulls may without difficulty be
designated as “Nordic”; the browridges are moderate, the
foreheads moderately sloping, the occiputs protruding, the parietals
flattened, the malars compressed, the mandibles deep. The stature
was apparently moderately tall.17
The
Austrian Hallstatt series has close connections in two directions:
first, with the local Bronze Age and Neolithic populations of
central Europe which preceded it, and second, with the Germanic
“Reihen- graber” people who followed it after a Keltic
interruption. The similarity between Hallstatt and Germanic crania
is a commonplace; and if the Reihengraber people were “Nordic,”
as is generally conceded, then so, in all likelihood, were the
Hallstatt people.
The
significance of this double continuity is great. It traces the
Nordic racial type, in its skeletal form, back to the Early Iron
Age, and derives this with little alteration from the preceding Age
of Bronze. The Bronze Age population which was thus the ancestral
Nordic one was in turn derived from a mixture between the local
Danubian Neolithic people, who came from the east, and the later
Corded invaders. The complexity of the Middle and Late Bronze Age,
therefore, and the disturbances caused by the introduction of
cremation, during the latter part of the epoch, did not interrupt
the racial continuity of central Europe, where racial movements,
during the Late Bronze Age, seem to have been somewhat simpler than
those of culture.
Let
us return to the specific problem of the Illyrian racial
composition. So far, we have been dealing entirely with the
Hallstatt remains from Lower Austria. The Hallstatt cemetery itself
dates from the middle and later thirds of the period; but the
neighboring Early Hallstatt site of Stat- zendorf, from which a
series of five crania have been taken, contains nothing but
long-headed examples, and these are the same as those from the type
site itself. So the Hallstatt site is racially typical of the entire
period.
When
we move to southern Germany, however, which was equally involved in
the development of this culture, we find no such racial uniformity.
Crania from Wiirttemburg, Bavaria, and the Bavarian Palatinate
include, with the usual Austrian Hallstatt type, a large minority of
brachycephals which may be considered as survivals from the
Bronze Age.18
17 Matiegka,
H. (MAGW, vol 41,1911, pp. 348-387), fails to segregate Hallstatt
from Aunjetitz long bones, implies that both are the same, with a
mean stature of 168 cm*
18 Schliz,
A., AFA, vol. 37, 1910, pp. 202-251.
Schultz,
B. K., VGPA, vol. 3, 1929, pp. 5-12.
184
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
These
include both planoccipital crania of the original Bell Beaker type,
and a curvoccipital brachycephalic type which shows a Borreby
relationship. It would appear, then, that in southwestern
Germany, Hallstatt Nordics had invaded the region and had mixed
with the Bell Beaker Dinarics and the old Borreby sub-stratum.
A
large series from the Spreewald, situated to the north of this area
and on flat land, consists entirely of purely dolichocephalic crania
of the regular Austrian Hallstatt type,19
wrhich
was apparently at home in the lowlands of central Europe, but not in
the highlands, which had already given shelter to a tenacious
brachycephalic population. In Bohemia and Silesia, as one would
expect, Schliz finds typical Hallstatt dolichocephalic forms in
small collections from each of these regions. One out of five
Bohemian crania was brachycephalic, and none in a series of
four from Silesia.
The
generalization announced in the preceding paragraph applies
likewise to Switzerland, where the Hallstatt culture, like that
of the Bronze Age, penetrated slowly, while the older economy and
technique which had survived in part from the Neolithic persisted in
large measure. Both long-headed skulls and those of brachycephals
are found, as is to be expected. In the available Swiss
Hallstatt material, the majority of crania are brachycephalic.20
Let
us turn southeastward and follow the Dinaric Alpine chain in the
direction of the Balkans. In the mountainous section of southern
Austria, the Hallstatt Nordic type is in the minority. Out of six
skulls from Carniola, three are round headed and one is
mesocephalic. The brachycephalic types seem without question to be
predominantly Dinaric. In Croatia, however, seven adult skulls are
all long headed, of the usual Hallstatt type, while two infantile
skulls show brachycephaly.
In
Bosnia, we come to the famous site of Glasinac,21
where a comparatively large series of relatively late Illyrian
remains contains again a mixture of types. The majority of the
skulls are long headed and these show the same mixture of Danubian
and Corded elements which we have already seen at Hallstatt itself.
A few of the individual crania, are very large, and reproduce the
Corded prototype quite accurately. The brachycephalic skulls,
although in the minority, are numerous enough to permit one to
determine their racial affiliation with some accuracy. Almost all
19 G3tze,
A., PZ, vol. 4, 1912, pp. 264-350. This cemetery, unfortunately, was
used at two periods; from 1000 to 500 b.c.
when it
was a Hallstatt graveyard, and from 500 a.d.
on, when
it was occupied by Slavic Wends. It is impossible to state how many
of the crania belong to the Hallstatt people, and how many, if any,
to the Slavs, but in either case the series represents one unified
physical type of Hallstatt affinity.
20 Schlaginhaufen,
O., VNGZ, vol. 79, 1934, pp. 220-270.
»
Weisbach, A., WMBH, vol. 5, 1897, pp. 562-576.
THE
IRON AGE
185
belong
to what might be called a modern Dinaric racial type. The skulls are
moderately large with flattened occiputs, straight side walls,
rather broad foreheads, and a very prominent nose, in the one
instance in which the nasal bones were preserved.22
The jaws are very broad with an excessive bigonial diameter,
but not noted for their depth.
Metrically,
these brachycephalic crania resemble the Bronze Age series from
Cyprus, but are, on the whole, a little larger. They fall, as a
matter of fact, into an intermediate position between the Cyprus
series and the Bell Beaker group from the upper Rhineland, but in
morphology are identical with both. There is no doubt that we
are dealing in this instance with a form of Dinaric which
anticipates the modern population of Bosnia.
This
is the first occurrence of crania of this type in the Dinaric Alpine
region in any considerable numbers. We have already seen, however,
that this same type had entered these mountains by the beginning of
the Bronze Age, in connection with the eastward movement of the Bell
Beaker peoples. The round-heads at Glasinac and in Carniola may have
been the descendants of these Bell Beaker refugees. It is also
possible that this racial type may have been reenforced by
migrations from the southeast, but there is no archaeological
evidence to favor such a theory.
As
the Illyrians spread southwestward along the Dinaric Alps into
Montenegro and Albania, they apparentiy blended with an indigenous
brachycephalic mountain population which may have been more
numerous than the invaders; for, with some additions and
modifications, it persists as a predominant element today. In a
small series of early Christian crania from a site near Split on the
Dalmatian coast,23
both Dinaric brachycephals and a few long-headed crania are
represented. In Albania, a country which is almost completely
unknown archaeologically, a single skull which belonged to a
Romanized Illyrian group has been found in an Iron Age site in the
tribe of Puka.24
This skull is mesocephalic, and seems, insofar as we may judge,
intermediate between the Illyrians of the old type and Dinarics.
The
significance of our study of the Illyrian peoples is as follows: on
the plains of south central Germany and Lower Austria, where the
Hallstatt culture arose, the racial type involved was skeletally a
Nordic one. By this term we must understand that the Illyrian
central type was similar in cranial dimensions, proportions, and
general form to that of the Germans of the Volkerwanderung period.
Historical evidence as to the pigmentation of the Illyrians is
conflicting,25
and insufficient to warrant the
22
In all of the Glasinac crania the facial bones are missing
Horvath,
A., MAGW,
vol. 36,
1906, pp. 239-248.
Lebzelter,
V., AFA,
vol.
45, 1919, pp. 143-146.
«
Lebzelter, V., MAGW,
1929,
vol. 59, pp. 61-126.