- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
162
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
The
Irish Bronze Age people who were buried in association with food
vessels were, therefore, members of the racial type which was
originally linked with the Beaker complex, without the associated
Borreby and Corded elements. Childe finds possible prototypes of the
food vessels both in Germany and in Spain.71
Without doubt, in any case, there were movements from northern
Spain and the western end of the Pyrenees during the Bronze Age,
which brought halberds to Ireland, and thence to Scotland,
along with other cultural innovations. These movements were quite
late, but so, in all probability, was the spread of the Food Vessel
people, who often incinerated.
It
is necessary to choose between two routes of invasion for the Food
Vessel people, for they were obviously not indigenous. The first,
from Germany and Holland, would be somehow separate from the Beaker
invasions, but yet would bring the most basic Beaker physical
element. The second is from Spain, where the Beaker people were
probably only one of a number of related brachycephalic groups. The
latter seems the more likely, purely on racial grounds; furthermore,
on the Scottish food vessels there are often cord impressions, on
the Irish there are none. The direction, therefore, was
probably from Ireland to Scotland and not vice versa.
In
the Early Bronze Age there were, aside from the Aegean, three
important cultural centers in Europe—southeastern Spain,
Britain, and central Europe. We have already dealt with the
first two and studied the racial derivations of their peoples. In
central Europe, the center of civilization was again on the
Danube; in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Lower Austria, and
Saxo-Thuringia. The Bronze Age culture of this Danubian region is
called Aunjetitz (unetice) after an important site in Bohemia.
The
origins of this Aunjetitz culture were multiple. The elements of
which it was composed include: the basic local Neolithic and Copper
Age; northern influences which were mostly Corded; the Bell Beaker
invasion; and metallurgy from Anatolia and the Aegean, coming
directly overland.72
The
evidence as to the racial composition of this culturally
heterogeneous population is fortunately abundant and clear. A
number of large and well-analyzed series makes it possible to
determine its nature without much doubt. On the whole, the group is
moderately varied. Three major elements are involved: the short,
moderately dolichocephalic, high- vaulted, small-faced Danubian
Neolithic type; the?' familiar Corded form, and some brachycephals,
in moderate numbers, which are probably for
Childe,
The
Prehistory of Scotland,
pp. 89-95.
Childe,
The
Bronze Age,
pp. 139-140.
The bronze age in central europe
THE
BRONZE AGE
163
the
most part of Bell Beaker origin, although the same racial type may
have come up the Danube from the Black Sea and the Aegean. Dinaric
influence is most evident in the earliest Aunjetitz sites of
Lower Austria, as at Hainburg-Teichtal,73
but it disappeared shortly through absorption.
One
of the most fruitful groups for examination is that of the skeletons
from the Lower Austrian cemetery of Gemeinlebarn.74
Here fifty-one adult crania were found which were in condition for
study, to which have been added twenty-five others from smaller
sites in Lower Austria and Moravia, making a total of forty-seven
male and fifty-two female skulls, as well as a large number of
associated long bones.
The
mean stature of the males is 165 cm., a moderate figure, lying
between that of the earlier Neolithic Danubians and the Corded
people, as represented in the larger series in which the latter
appear, in Scandinavia and England. The limb proportions show a
greater length of the distal segments in both arms and legs than is
the case with most historic Germanic or Nordic skeletons—the Lower
Austrian Aunjetitz people resembled their Neolithic ancestors in
this respect. The bones, however, are quite heavy and powerful, and
show that they must have had wide and heavy shoulders.
The
crania (see Appendix I, col. 27) belong metrically about half-way
between the Corded and Danubian Neolithic means in almost every
character; the only exception being a slight addition in the head
breadth dimension which might be attributed to the inclusion of a
few brachycephals. The cranial index, which varies individually
from 64 to 85, centers about a mean of 74; and dolichocephaly is the
prevailing form. The profile of the skull as seen from above usually
takes one of two forms— a long oval with almost parallel sides,
which is the Corded type, and a pentagonoid, or “shield shape,”
which is the Neolithic Danubian. The vaults are high, in most cases
higher than the breadth, a feature which is derived from both of the
principal ancestral types. The face is quite long in both segments,
and narrow. Although the mean nasal index is mesorrhine, a
little less than half of the series is leptorrhine. The orbits, like
those of both earlier strains, are of moderate height.
In
the male series, only four crania have indices over 78, and all of
these are curvoccipital. One of them, with heavy browridges, a wide
interorbital distance, a wide, deep jaw with everted gonial angles,
and no canine fossa, looks like some intruder from the northern
European forests, such as we have already met in the Neolithic;
while another, which is hyperbrachy- cephalic, has an extremely
narrow face and jaw, and may be either an Anatolian or a Beaker
remnant.
78
Geyer, E., MAGW, vol. 60, 1930, pp. 65-140.
w
Szombathy, J., MAGW, vol. 64, 1934, pp. 1-101.
164
THE
RACES OF EUkOPE
The
group as a whole has a normal to excessive development of the
browridges, and a narrow-rooted form of the nasal bbnes, which
spring prominently from a considerable nasion depression. The
continuous fronto-nasal profile of Near Eastern Bronze Age skulls is
apparently alien to this composite type.
The
above discussion could be applied without much change to other
Austrian Aunjetitz series, notably that from Stillfried,76
which includes nine males. Here the ratio of factors involved may be
slightly different, for the cranial index mean is mesocephalic,
and the nasal index purely leptorrhine—however, the group contains
no brachycephals.
Nearly
a hundred crania from Bohemia, collected from a number of sites76
(see Appendix I, col. 28), are on the whole extremely
dolichocephalic, with a mean index of 71. A series of thirty-two
males 77
(see Appendix I, col. 29), like the Austrian group, is again
intermediate in most if not all measurements between the Corded and
Danubian Neolithic means. As with the Gemeinlebarn series, the
longest crania are the highest, and possess the longest faces. A
Corded-Danubian cross, with a very little Dinaric (since the highest
indices go up to 83) is indicated. This hybrid form, as will be seen
later, may be given the name “Nordic” in the skeletal sense,
since it seems identical with that of historic Nordic peoples living
in the same area.
The
stature of Bohemian and Moravian Aunjetitz males, as with those from
Lower Austria, is about 167 cm.78
This is considerably less than the Corded stature for Scandinavia,
and that of the British Bell Beaker long heads, but more than that
recorded in the central European Corded series of Neolithic date.
Either our groups are too small for accuracy, which is quite
probable, or else the Corded people of central Europe were not as
tall as those who invaded the far northwest. At any rate, the
Aunjetitz people of central Europe are less exaggerated in head and
face dimensions than those whom we have previously studied, and
anticipate the “Nordic” peoples of the Iron Age.
Around
the peripheries of the Upper Danubian center, modifications of the
standard Aunjetitz racial amalgam occurred. In Saxony and
Thuringia, where there was an especially strong Corded cultural
element, the coincident type was of course equally strong.79
But on the Rhine, the Bell Beaker-cultural influence continued, and
brachycephals also persisted.80
In the Tyrol and Upper Austria, Dinarics of the Bell Beaker type re-
76
Schurer von Waldheim, Hella, MAGW, vol. 39, 1919, pp. 247-263.
Stocky,
A., AnthPr, vol. 9,1931, pp. 225-275.
Hellich,
B., Praehistoricke
lebky v &chdch ze Sbtrky Muse a Kralovstvl Ceskeho.
7*
Matiegka, J., MAGW, vol. 41, 1911, pp. 348-387.
n
Heberer, G., VGPA, vol. 8, 1937, pp. 59-68.
*>
As at Rheinsheim. Basler, A., MAGW, vol. 55, 1925, pp. 261-266.
THE
BRONZE AGE
165
mained
firmly ensconced,81
where their survival in this mountain refuge was destined to be
permanent.
About
forty skulls are known from the Bronze Age sites of Switzerland.82
The most important fact to be deduced from them is that the old
Neolithic elements persisted with little change. An infiltration of
Aunjetitz culture was accompanied by the addition of some Corded
types to the group, and in the meanwhile a few planoccipital
brachycephals of Bell Beaker type appeared. On the whole, the
Swiss seem to have become slightly longer headed during this period,
probably due in large part to Aunjetitz influence.
It
is impossible to carry this survey of the Early and Middle Bronze
Age racial types in central Europe much farther to the westward. We
have already seen that brachycephals of the type which spread
through the Mediterranean during the Bronze Age entered the southern
departments of France, near the eastern end of the Pyrenees and the
Gulf of Lyons (page 149). Aside from this Spanish overflow in the
south, the French Bronze Age was largely confined to two other
peripheral points—Savoie and Franche Comt6—and Brittany in the
extreme west.
On
the northeastern flank of France, in Franche Comt6, a number of
skeletons have been taken from tumuli which apparently date from the
Middle Bronze Age, a time at which invasions spread over the upper
Rhine and Jura from the Bavarian highlands into northeastern Gaul.88
Seven
out of eight skeletons of this period were those of tall,
planoccipital, brachycephals,84
who belonged, as far as one can tell, to a Bell Beaker type familiar
in earlier times in the Rhinelands. Two tumuli of later date
contained high-vaulted dolichocephalic crania, belonging to small-
statured individuals, like the single dolichocephalic example from
the earlier group. Thus, as far as we can tell, a Bell Beaker type,
associated with an older Danubian Neolithic element, entered
northeastern France in the Middle Bronze Age from the highland belt
of southern Germany, south of the central Aunjetitz range.
In
Brittany, the earliest metal industry was mostly of the Middle
Bronze Age; round barrows were built apart from the megalithic
tombs, which were still used by the descendants of the bringers of
that cult to the Atlantic seaboard. In one cemetery, that of
Saint-Urnel en Plomeur in Finist&re,
si
Meyer, A. B,, MAGW, vol. 15, 1885, pp. 99-106.
82
Pittard, E., Anth, vol. 10, 1899, pp. 281-289; vol. 17, 1906, pp.
547-557; ASAG, vol. 7, #1, 1934, pp. 1-7; EA, vol. 45, 1935, pp.
5-12.
Schenk,
A., BMSA, ser. 5, vol. 8,1907, pp. 218-228; REAP, vol. 15,1905, pp.
389-407.
Schlaginhaufen,
O., BSGA, vol. 2,1926, pp. 15-24; MAGZ, vol. 29,1924, pp. 220-241.
Childe,
The
Bronze Age,
p. 174.
Piroutet,
M., Anth, vol. 38, 1928, pp. 51-60.