- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
Chapter
VII
In
the preceding chapter it has been shown that the Indo-European
languages were probably formed somewhere on the plain of southern
Russia or western Turkestan, by a blending of languages spoken by
peoples in a Neolithic or early Copper Age stage of culture. One of
the two linguistic elements in this blend has been positively
identified with Finno- Ugrian, which at the same time forms one of
the two lateral divisions of the Ural Altaic stock, the fundamental
unity of which is under question.1
The
blending of Finno-Ugrian with the B element which produced
Indo-European languages took place at some time no earlier than the
last few centuries of the fourth millennium B.C.,
well
after the acquisition of agriculture and animal husbandry by western
Asiatic peoples, and before the adoption of a complete Bronze
Age technology by the inhabitants of the plains north of the
Caucasus and the Iranian plateau. The Finnish speakers, who
contributed so largely to Indo-European speech at that time, must
have been residents of the plains at the time of their meeting with
the bringers of Caucasic speech with which their own language was
united. At the same time, they must inevitably have contributed to
the formation of the racial blend with which the resulting
Indo-European languages were early identified.
The
historic Finno-Ugrians, of whom frequent mention has been made in
the past, with little elucidation, include in the first branch all
of the Finnish-speaking tribes of central and northern Russia, the
Esthonians, and the Baltic Finns, as well as the Lapps, who speak an
archaic Finnish dialect; in the second, the ancestors of the
Magyars, the Bolgars, and the Siberian Ostiaks and Voguls.2
At the time of their first historical mention, in the classical
period, they seem to have been united in central and northern
Russia. The Finns were centered about the middle course of the
Volga,
223The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
(1)
THE FINNO-UGRIANS
Professor
G. J. Ramstedt of Helsingfors University, an eminent student of
Altaic languages, has come to the conclusion that the Uralic and
Altaic groups of languages are not, as was previously thought,
demonstrably related, but form two entirely separate linguistic
stocks. He is supported in this view by Professor Szinnyei of
Budapest.— Private Communication.See
Chapter IX, section 8, for a detailed listing of the living and
extinct peoples known to have spoken Finno-Ugrian languages.
224
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
and
west to the country occupied by the Balts and the Slavs; the Ugri
between the Volga and the Urals. In the sense that they
occupied one unified territory from which they later spread, they
emulated the behavior of their Indo-European-speaking neighbors.
Movement to the south was inhibited, in historic times, by the
presence of the Scythians and Sarmatians; before the rise of these
horse-nomads, however, they must at some time have been in contact
with Caucasic-speaking peoples, who may have included the
mysterious pre-Scyths, the Cimmerians, the remnants of whose speech
have been likened to modern Cherkess.3
A
Finnish expansion took place in historic time, and during the
Christian era. It consisted of the following movements: the
migration of the ancestors of the Baltic Finns to the northwest,
largely as a result of Slavic and Letto-Lithuanian pressure—this
took place at the same time as the Slavic penetration of Russia; the
movement of the Bolgars to Bulgaria, during the seventh century, and
of the Magyars to Hungary, under Turkish leadership, during the
ninth; the migration of the Ostiaks and Voguls across the Urals to
the Obi drainage, during the thirteenth.
Before
the time of known Finnish expansion, the Scythian barrier inhibited
the use of agriculture as a primary means of subsistence among the
Finnish tribes located to the north of the nomads. Many of the
Finns, in fact, lived principally by hunting and fishing along the
forested streams which formed the headwaters of the Volga, Don, and
Dniester. But it is unlikely that the Finns in pre-Scythian times
had been ignorant of agriculture; those who lived in arable
country farmed at least by the time of Herodotus.
The
evidence for the racial composition of the early Finns is scanty,
but incapable of misinterpretation. One small series of ten skulls
dating from about the sixth century B.C.,
contemporaneous
with the Early Scythian period, has been identified with the
ancestors of the Volga Finns at the time of their unity.4
(See Appendix I, col. 49.) These come from the cemeteries of
Polianki and Maklacheievka, from the former Viatka government
in Permian Finn country just south of the present Komi or Zyryenian
Republic. The graves belonged to the so-called Anan’ino cultural
horizon. This Anan’ino culture 5 was formed from a
combination of influences from Siberia* the Caucasus, Scythia, and
Scandinavia. It did not end suddenly, but passed by a gradual
process of evolution into the civilization of the historic Volga
Finns. Therefore, we may consider these skulls, few as they are, to
represent the ancestors of the Finns before the beginning of their
historic expansion.
8
Baschmakoff, A., ZFRK, vol. 4, 1936, pp. 194-199.4Debetz,
G., ESA, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 96-99.
Tallgren,
A. M., Real, vol. 1, pp. 164-165.
THE
IRON AGE
225
This
small group of seven male and three female crania is not completely
homogeneous, but it is nearly so. All of the skulls are European in
racial type. The faces are a little broader than in most
Mediterranean groups, but not to an exceptional degree. The noses,
with the exception of one extremely leptorrhine male, are mesorrhine
or chamaerrhine; but so are those of many early Danubians. The
cranial form is mesocephalic or dolichocephalic, with one male
reaching the figure of 83; the vault is moderately high; the
forehead usually straight, the browridges moderate.
There
is nothing new about these crania, and nothing specifically
mongoloid. They closely resemble another small series of eight male
skulls from the cemetery of Polom in the same district as the
Anan’ino cemeteries6 (see Appendix I, col. 50), dating
from the ninth century a.d.,
and
known to have been those of Finns of the Permian sub-family. In view
of the small numbers, no difference can be found which would be
statistically valid. A third group from the Lower Volga,
representing the Mordvins of the fourteenth century, is similar to
the Anan’ino and Permian crania, except that it is extremely
long headed, with low indices, centered about the range from 71 to
73.
When
we make a metrical comparison between the first two groups of
Finnish skulls and all European series previously studied, we find
that they fit into the ranks of Iron Age Indo-European speakers
without difficulty. On the whole, they resemble most nearly the
larger-sized members of the intermediate group; they also resemble
the Scythian crania to a considerable extent, and even more the
Minussinsk skulls. They are slightly smaller than the Germanic type,
but equal to it in vault height and face breadth. In nose form and
cranial height, they resemble the Neolithic Danubians.
News
of the racial position of these early Finnish skulls will come as a
surprise to scholars who see in the Finns a group of mongoloid
immigrants from Asia. But that they were essentially if not wholly
European is, despite the paucity of Debetz’s material,
incontestable. Nor can one derive these Finns from forest-dwellers
of Mesolithic tradition, except perhaps as a minor influence.
Furthermore, in the early Anan’ino series, recognizable Corded
peculiarities are to be found in but one male skull out of seven.
The Finno-Ugrians, therefore, may be tentatively considered to have
been, in the period before they expanded into their historic seats,
Europeans of mixed origin, basically Danubian in type, with some
brachycephalic element and an extremely long-headed variation
as well; the latter is already familiar to us in the form of the
Corded type; the former is not clearly definable, but is European.
Its only discernible difference from the others in the same series
is in a greater breadth of the skull. This broad-headed
8
Debetz, loc.
cit.