- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
522
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Here
and there one sees a Frenchman of general Alpine type whose facial
features, due largely to peculiarities of nose form and to malar
prominence, approach a Lappish or mongoloid condition. The same may
be seen occasionally in North Africa among Berbers. This must be
attributed not to mongoloid invasions, but to the relationship
between Lapps and other incipient mongoloids and Upper Palaeolithic
Europeans in the Pleistocene. Ainu-looking Alpines are commoner than
incipiently mongoloid ones.
Montandon,
a keen observer of the French racial scene, proposes the following
racial proportions for the French nation: Nordic, 1 per cent;
Sub-Nordic, 30 per cent; Dinaric-like, 15 per cent; relatively pure
Alpine, 30 per cent; Small Mediterranean (Ibero-Insular), 10 per
cent; Atlanto-Mediterranean (Litoral), 10 per cent; Basque type, 1
per cent; others, 3 per cent. Although the Alpine increment receives
only 30 per cent, it must be remembered that in the Sub-Nordic as in
the Dinaric- like category, there is a strong Alpine element;
furthermore, the Atlanto- Mediterraneans of the Pyrenees and the
Riviera are strongly tinged with Alpine. If Collignon’s head
diameters are correct, then the small Mediterraneans of the Dordogne
are not pure Neolithic descendants, but have absorbed a much older
non-Alpine racial entity.
The
final conclusions derived from this survey are as follows. France,
notwithstanding her brilliant contributions to civilization and the
international character which she, as a great cultural center,
has assumed, was a culturally retarded, marginal area from the end
of Mesolithic times until the Iron Age. At the same time, it has
remained, since the end of the Pleistocene, a marginal or refuge
area from the racial standpoint also, since the invasions of brunet
Mediterraneans and of Nordics have together been less important here
than in most European countries. In France the Alpine race, a
smaller-sized and less blond replica of the northern Borreby race,
has reemerged as the principal racial element and can be seen in a
relatively pure form. France is essentially an Alpine nation.
Belgium,
with its 11,755 square miles, is a small country, but it is one
which is important in European history as the meeting place of the
Germanic north and the territories whose cultures and languages
have been determined by contact with Rome. With 686 persons per
square mile, it is one of the most thickly populated countries of
Europe—its total population of 8,092,004 persons (1930 census)
being much greater than those of many sovereign states many times
its area.
This
population has more than doubled in the last century; for in
Belgium
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
523
1831
it was 3,785,814. This increase was due not to immigration, but
wholly to internal reproduction. Belgium is, of course, one of the
most highly industrialized countries of Europe—her soil is rich in
natural resources, and heavy industries dependent on the abundance
of mineral wealth are especially developed here. Industrialism is,
however, nothing new to Belgium, for during the Middle Ages and
succeeding centuries, Flanders was the textile center of Europe.
Belgium
has only 42 miles of seacoast, which consists of sandy beach and
dunes, with the shore going off so shallow that there are no natural
harbors—all older seaports, such as Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges,
having been located inland on waterways. At the back of this sandy
shore is a belt of flat country which is for the most part flush
with the level of the sea or only a little above it; but for the
natural barrier of the dunes and for man-made reinforcements, large
parts of this land would be inundated at every exceptional
equinoctial tide. This flat area is the plain of Flanders, famous
for centuries as the battleground of Europe. Here the Romans fought
Belgae and Germans; here the Spaniards and Austrians struggled in
their time for possession of the Low Countries; here Napoleon met
his Waterloo, which has a good Flemish name; and here, during the
World War, Flanders suffered its latest, but probably not its last,
invasion.
In
the time of the Romans, the plain of Flanders was a swamp,
impenetrable save to those who lived or sought refuge in it; it
could never have held a large permanent population. During the Dark
and Middle Ages a systematic drainage of the land and the building
of dykes, combined with the natural action of the wind and
waves blowing off the North Sea, made it a fertile plain eminently
habitable by man. Its intensive settlement, therefore, dates largely
from the last centuries of the first Christian millennium.
Bordering
the plain of Flanders, on drier ground, there stood in Roman times a
dense forest which served to reenforce the barrier of tidal swamps
and salt marshes. This forest, called Sylva Carbonaria by the
Romans, was an extension of the Ardennes Forest of northern France,
and served as a barrier between those few Belgae who lived in moist
freedom on the marshes, and the upland-dwelling Belgae and Gauls who
adopted Roman speech, and became Walloons—the word Walloon being a
cognate of the German Welsch, or English Welsh, a word which the
early Germanic peoples applied to all strangers, much as the Greeks
used the word bar
bar oi.
The Walloon country is topographically differentiated from the
Flemish plain; although its highest elevation is 2200 feet, it is
covered with many hills and small valleys, and is forested, while
the plain is almost treeless.
The
Romans first learned of the Low Countries in the time of Caesar,
524
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
who
found Keltic-speaking peoples in possession of all regions south and
west of the Rhine, as far as Gaul, and this Keltic country thus
included all of Belgium and much of the modern Netherlands. In
15 a.d.
this
country became, by imperial decree, Romanized Gallia Belgica.
About
300 a.d.
the
Franks began swarming over the Rhine into Roman territory, and
gradually worked their way southward and westward. They took over
the land as they went, except for the coastal strip north from the
Scheldt to the Ems, which became Frisian property. The Frisians were
allies of the Saxons, who had given the Franks the urge to migrate
by driving them out of their former homes; hence the Frisians and
the Franks were enemies.
Modern
Flemish, the permanent linguistic heritage of the Frankish invasions
of Belgium, is a branch of the west-Germanic language group, which
includes three main divisions: (1) English (2) Frisian (3) Modern
German dialects. The third category includes, as well as modern
Platt- deutsch, both Flemish and Dutch.19
In the sixth century certain sound shifts took place in German,
starting in the mountains to the south and spreading north. The
dialects which took over these shifts became High German, while
those which retained their old form are Low German. Owing to this
conservatism, the latter are closest to Frisian and to English.
Flemish is a modification through Saxon and Frisian influences of
Low Franconian, the speech brought into Belgium by the Franks. When
the Franks entered the plain of Flanders, they found it nearly empty
of people, hence it is no wonder that their speech took root there.
In the then more populous Walloon country Latin soon reemerged at
the expense of Frankish, and has survived in the medium of an
archaic Langue d’Ouil dialect.
When
the comparative tranquillity of the Middle Ages arrived, Flanders,
drained and populous, the most important of all the Low Countries,
then included some of what is now northwestern France, the Belgian
provinces of East and West Flanders, and the Dutch province of
Zeeland.
Mediaeval
Flanders was important because of its chartered towns with their
skilled craftsmen, whose fame was renowned all over Europe. The most
important of these towns were Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres— those
which arose in Antwerp, Brabant, and Limburg were later, as were the
Dutch towns. During the thirteenth century these Flemish towns had
an industrial population of 100,000 to 200,000 people, most of whom
were supported by weaving. There was a strong trade connection with
England, whence they obtained their wool. In 1400 a.d.
Flanders
was the richest spot in Europe and probably in the whole world, and
it is no
Priebsch,
R., “German Language,” Encyclopaedia
Britannica,
thirteenth edition, vol. 11, pp. 778-783.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
52$
wonder
that it excited the greed of foreign princes, who were willing to
spill much blood in order to seize its fat revenues.
This
picture of a fertile, prosperous, and populous Flanders accords ill
with our previous portrayal of a swampy refuge, such as it was at
the time of the Roman arrival. Although Flanders is much less
affected by floods than are the Netherlands proper, still these have
been of importance in Flemish history. Dykes had to be built before
Flanders could be fully occupied, and even these dykes could not
insure permanent safety. The twelfth century was an especially evil
period in both Holland and Flanders; there were great disasters in
both regions, and in 1111 a.d.
many
Flemish families moved to England to reside permanently and
comfortably above high water. It was during the century after this
series of inundations that Flanders attained its peak of prosperity.
During
the sixteenth century, Protestantism spread into the Low Countries
out of Germany, and became common in what is now the Netherlands,
whereas it failed to dislodge Catholicism in the present Belgium.
The attempts of Charles V and Philip II of Spain to suppress the
heresy merely served to spread it; the gentle ministrations of the
Duke of Alva and his executioners killed thousands, but there were
many thousands more who survived. These inquisitorial activities had
the effect of drawing a sharp line between a Protestant North and a
Catholic South where the present boundary separates Holland from
Belgium. It was not geography, nor a difference in culture or in
language, but an accident of religion consolidated by persecution
that caused the separation of Flemish Belgium from the
Netherlands. Since the time of Caesar we have witnessed a southward
movement of political and linguistic boundaries; in 57 b.g.
both
were identical with the Rhine. Migrations and gross population
shifts have pushed the Germanic-Romance linguistic frontier
southward to a natural barrier, where it has remained constant for
many centuries.
The
skeletal prehistory of Belgium, for all practical purposes, starts
with the Neolithic and concerns itself almost entirely with the
Walloon country. Here there was a strong brachycephalic
concentration during the Neolithic, and some low-vaulted,
short-statured Mediterranean groups as well; on the whole, the
concentration of brachycephals was greater in Belgium than in most
of France. The Neolithic brachycephals of the Walloon country were
as large-headed as the Ofnet people, and thus approached the Borreby
type in vault dimensions, but their faces were smaller than those of
the latter. The Belgian Bronze Age and the pre- Frankish Iron Age
are practically unknown skeletally, but the Franks are well
represented. They belonged almost uniformly to a low-vaulted
mesocephalic Nordic type, identical with that of the Iron Age Kelts.
526
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
A
cranial series of modern age, not mentioned in the earlier chapters,
is of particular interest. This is the Saaftingen series of 56 male
and 38 female skulls,20
taken from a Flemish cemetery on an island which is now submerged at
high tide. The date of this cemetery is roughly 1500 a.d.
The
crania are uniformly brachycephalic, with a cranial index range of
to
92 for the male specimens, and 77 to 92 for the female. The mean
cranial index for the males is 85.7. In size and in vault
conformation they may readily be identified as pure Borreby type
skulls. This identification extends to the facial dimensions and
indices; the orbits are low, the nose mesorrhine, the face (136
mm.), and the jaw (104 mm.) wide. The problem of the racial
character of the few inhabitants of the Flemish marshlands from
Neolithic to Frankish times is perhaps solved; the swampy shores
were apparently the home of a southwestward extension of the Danish
Borreby people, who merged with Alpines in the highlands, and who,
on their own marshes, maintained their racial identity in isolated
spots until almost modern times.
Data
on living Belgians are limited for the most part to the conventional
surveys of stature, head form, and pigmentation, as in France. The
Belgians as a nation are men of medium stature,21
and the same is true of both the Flemings and the Walloons. In the
1880-82 conscript classes, Houz6 found a mean stature of 166.1 cm.
for Flemings, and of 164.8 cm. for Walloons. In those years the
linguistic boundary was also a stature boundary, since the tallest
Walloon province was shorter than the shortest Flemish province. In
the 1902-07 classes, this difference had largely disappeared,
since the mean for Flemings was 166.2 cm., and that for Walloons
165.8 cm. Belgian convicts measured in 1920 had a stature mean of
167.4 cm. for Flemings, 167.3 for Walloons. Thus regional stature
differences in Belgium have been largely obliterated during the last
half century.
Since
the present stature level is about that of the Neolithic Belgian
brachycephals and of the Belgae and Franks, any increase must be
considered in the light of a return to an earlier level after
an intervening period of depression, as in Scandinavia. Flanders was
for centuries a recruiting ground for soldiers. Furthermore, adverse
industrial conditions have been endemic there longer than in any
other European country. Both factors may have tended, during the
Middle Ages, to lower the mean stature both environmentally and by
selection. On the whole the present- day Belgians are a little
taller than Frenchmen, shorter than English
20 DePauw,
L., and Jacques, V., B8AB, vol. 3, 1884, pp. 191-260.
21 Sources
on Belgian stature are:
Houz6,
E., BSAB, vol. 6, 1887, pp. 278-304.
Vervaeck,
L., BSAB, vol. 28, 1909, pp. 1-60; vol. 34, 1920, pp. 50-90.
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
527
and
Dutchmen, and about the same as southwestern Germans. Both Flemings
and Walloons are moderately thick-set in bodily build;22
their shoulders are broad, and their relative sitting height (53.5)
great. Their arms, however, are not long, and their relative span,
103, is of an average European position.
The
cephalic index seems to follow the linquistic cleavage to a greater
extent than does stature.23
In the Flemish-speaking country the mean index of Limburg, the
easternmost province, is 78.9; this rises regularly from east to
west, reaching 80.5 in West Flanders. In the Walloon country
the lowest mean is 80.7 for Namur; Liege and Hainaut have means of
81.1 and 81.4; Walloon Brabant of 82.3. The province of Luxemburg,
the southeasternmost of the kingdom, has a mean of 83.4. In the
Flemish country, the lowest indices are those nearest Germany; the
highest are near the coast, where prc-Frankish brachycephalic
populations have been absorbed. The mean cephalic index of all
Flemings is 79.4; of all Walloons 82.0.24
The Flemings are on the whole mesocephals, the Walloons, except
for the Luxemburg people, sub-brachycephals; the last named are the
only true brachycephals.
The
heads of all these people, except for the Luxemburg sample, are
extremely large. The mean head length of Flemings is 194 mm., for
Walloons 191.4 mm. Only the Luxemburg group has a mean of under 190
mm. If one selects the individuals from the different provincial
samples with cephalic indices of 82 and over, so as to eliminate the
influence of dolichocephals and mesocephals, and seriates for
head lengths and breadths, one finds mean lengths of 190-192 mm. for
all provinces except Luxemburg, where the mean is 186 mm.; the mean
breadths of these selected heads are 160 mm. and over, except for
Luxemburg, where the mean is 157 mm. The significance of this
exercise is clear. Among both Flemings and Walloons, the major
brachycephalic element is of Borreby size, while in Luxemburg only
is truly Alpine brachycephaly in the French sense predominant. The
head length and breadth means of the major group are nearly as great
as those of the Baltic island of Fehmarn, the modern Borreby
concentration point, while those of Luxemburg are similar to
the dimensions of French brachycephals. The modern Walloons retain
in unaltered form the cranial characters of their brachycephalic
Neolithic ancestors. Today as during the Neolithic, they form a
22 Vervaeck,
L., BSAB, vol. 34, 1919, pp. 138-144.
MacAuliffe,
L., and Marie, A., CRAS, Paris, 1921, vol. 172, pp. 284-286.
23 Hous6,
E., BSAB, vol. 7, 1888, pp. 177-205; vol. 16, 1897, pp. 78-89.
MacAuliffe
and Marie, loc.
cit.
Provincial
means cover series of 26 to 61 individuals, and are too small to be
completely reliable.
24 All
available series have been pooled, making 362 Flemings and 366
Walloons.
528
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
southwestern
periphery of the Borreby racial area, the center of which lies
actually well to the south of Denmark.
The
pigmentation map of Belgium 25
follows the same general pattern of the stature and cephalic index
distributions. The Flemings are fairer than the Walloons, but not by
much. Beddoe found 54 per cent of Flemings to have light eyes,
as against 50 per cent for Walloons; dark eyes totalled 33 per cent
among the former, 37 per cent among the latter. Both are well on the
light side of intermediate in eye color. The Flemings have 52 per
cent of medium brown hair, and 18 per cent of lighter shades, as
against 37 per cent of brown and 13 per cent of light among the
Walloons. The difference is not great, but it is consistent, and
both groups are again of intermediate pigmentation. Among
schoolchildren who still show their infantile dominance of light
hair, 50 per cent or over in every province show both hair and eye
blondism; in the Walloon provinces the ratio falls under 55 per
cent, in the Flemish provinces it ranges between 55 per cent and 68
per cent. Since latent blondism may be detected more easily among
children than among adults, the conclusion is that the Belgians
of both linguistic groups contain both blond and brunet genetic
factors; with the former slightly more important in the case of the
Walloons, and considerably more in the case of the Flemings.
The
Flemings are as light as most of the regional English populations;
the Walloons on the whole are lighter than most of the French.26
An
individual study of the inhabitants of a small, isolated Flemish
village, Mendonck, in the canton of Lochristy in the province of
East Flanders, shows us that local concentrations of the lowland
Borreby racial type, as seen at Saaftingen, have not yet been
completely dissolved. The mean stature of 60 males is 170.3 cm.; the
cephalic index 81.2, with head lengths and breadths of 192 mm. and
156 mm. The bizygomatic diameter is 139 mm. These men are thus tall,
sub-brachycephalic, and broadfaced; in pigmentation, 74 per
cent have light skins which will not tan or have not tanned, having
turned red on the exposed parts, like many English integuments. The
eyes are 15 per cent blue, 73 per cent mixed, and 12 per cent brown;
since Houze followed Bertillon’s method, these figures may be
considered accurate. The hair is listed as blond, 63 per cent; light
brown, 6 per cent; dark brown, 31 per cent. In other words, they are
intermediate in hair and eye color, but on the light side. Occip-
Beddoe,
J., The
Races of Britain.
Claerhout,
Jt, BSAB, vol. 29, 1910, pp. 1-55.
Houz6,
E., BSAB, vol. 16, 1897, pp. 78-89.
MacAuliffe,
L., and Marie, A., Ethnographic, vol. 5, 1922, pp. 41-48.
Vandcrfeindere,
L„ BSRB,
vol. 3,
1879, pp, 409-449.
Direct
comparisons may be made between Flemish and English through
Becfcloe’s work, hetween Walloons and French through that of
MacAuliffe and Marie.