669

Brunn. Name of a city in Czechoslovakia, and of a number of Upper Palaeo­lithic skulls found nearby. In the present work it also designates a, living racial type which recapitulates that of the dolichocephalic Aurignacian peoples of central Europe. See p. 291.

Brythonic. Kymric, P-Keltic of England and Wales.

Burgwall. Name given to Slavic moated villages of the early Christian era. See p. 216.

Buryat-Mongol. A brachycephalic mongoloid race with extreme mongoloid features.

Bushman. A native of South Africa. The Bushmen and Hottentots form to­gether one of the primary racial divisions of mankind.

Calva. The skull cap, lacking the face and the base of the skull.

Calvarium. The entire skull with the exception of the mandible.

Canine fossa. A depression in the maxillary bone immediately under the infra­orbital foramen of the cranium.

Cappadocian. See p. 85.

Capsian. See p. 35.

Caucasic. Languages spoken in the Caucasus, including Georgian, Circassian, Chechen and Lesghian—these languages, which may or may not be mutu­ally related, form the nucleus of Marr’s “Japhetic” stock. (See Japhetic.)

Celt. A polished stone axe or adze.

Cenozoic. The division of geological time extending from the end of the Meso­zoic to the present.

Centum. One of the two primary divisions of the Indo-European linguistic stock, based on the retention of the consonant K.

_ Head length X 100 ,

Cephalic index. —Head breadth ratio of head length to head breadth;

the most commonly used index of the human body in racial studies.

_ Head length + head breadth + auricular height ^

Cephalic module. ^ ²— The aver­age of the three principal diameters of the cranial vault on the living; thus a measure of absolute head size.

Cervical. Pertaining to the neck.

Chalcolithic. The Copper Age. See Copper Age, Aenolithic.

Chamaeconch. Possessing an orbital index of 82.9 and under; low-orbitted.

Chamaerrhine. Possessing a nasal index of 51.0 and over on the skull; relatively wide-nosed.

Chatelperronian. A division of the Aurignacian of western Europe distin­guished on the basis of a special flint-chipping technique and formerly known as the Lower Aurignacian.

^ Maximum clavicle length ,

Clavico-humeral index. ——_{; r} ■» • The rauo between the

Maximum humerus length

Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);

see p. 41.

Coefficient of variation. See p. 246.

APPENDIX II

Combed pottery. See p. 125. A Neolithic pottery type found at various points in the forest belt stretching across three continents from the Baltic to New England.

Condyles. The paired articulating surfaces of a bone at a movable joint; occipital condyles are the surfaces of the base of the skull which articulate with the axis; mandibular condyles are the hinges of the jaw.

Constitutional type. See pyknic, somatic, leptosome. A division of mankind into specific types on the basis of total bodily form, cutting across conven­tional racial lines.

Copper Age. A period of transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, also called Aenolithic.

Corded. A type of pottery decoration made by applying cords to the surface of the pot when wet; the people who habitually used these pots; the skeletal racial type of these people. See p. 85.

Cornea. The outer layer of eye tissue immediately over the iris.

Correlation. The established relationship between two or more variables; see p. 250.

Corridor tomb. A late Megalithic burial chamber in the form of a long corridor.

Cranial length X 100

Cranial index. —~ _____—

Cranial breadth

Craniology, craniological. The science of the skull.

Cranium. The entire skull, including the mandible.

Creswellian. A Postglacial culttxre of Great Britain, Mesolithic with strong Aurignacian tradition.

Curvoccipital. Having a curved occipital region.

Cushitic. A term used to designate the Hamitic languages of East Africa.

Cypriote. Pertaining to the Bronze Age in Cyprus.

Dalo-Nordic. See p. 285. Paudler’s name for dolichocephalic unreduced Upper Palaeolithic survivors. Also called Falish by Gunther.

Danubian. The small mesorrhine or chamaerrhine Mediterranean racial type which introduced Neolithic food production into central Europe. See p. 85.

Dardic. A division of Satem Indo-European speech closely related to Iranian.

Diaspora. Scattering, migration in many directions, applied specifically to his­torical Jewish movements.

Dinaric. A racial type concentrated in the mountain zone reaching from Switzer­land to Epirus. See p. 293.

Dinaricization. A special process of hybridization; see Chapter XII, secs. 11,

12. 17; also legend to plate 35.

Dolichocephalic. Possessing a cephalic index of 75.9 and under; long- or narrow-headed, or both.

Dolichocranial. Possessing a cranial index of 74.9 and under; long- or narrow- skulled, or both.

Dolmen. A megalithic chambered rock tomb, originally covered with earth.

Dominance. In Mendelian terminology, the ability of a given genetic trait or character to assert itself over a so-called “recessive” trait or character.

671

Dravidian. A language family of southern India and Baluchistan. Also a racial type designated by Deniker. See p. 282.

East Baltic. A composite race found in eastern Baltic lands, of composite origin. See p. 292.

Elmenteitan. A microlithic culture found by Leakey in East Africa, and called Mesolithic. Its exact time position is in doubt. See p. 57.

Endocranial. Referring to the inner surface of the cranial vault.

Endocrine. Pertaining to the ductless glands.

Epicanthus. See mongoloid fold.

Epipalaeolithic. A name given the early Mesolithic cultures of largely Palaeo­lithic inspiration.

Erteb0lle. A mesolithic culture of the Baltic region during A dan tic times (Period III). See pp. 70-72.

Ethnic unit. A concept which has both sociological and biological implications: a community in the larger sense of the word; an intermarrying group of people united in a cultural sense, and forming an ethnos, but not necessarily united geographically.

Eurafrican. A name given by Sergi to the entire white group of dolichocephalic tendency, as opposed to Eurasiatic. Among Mesopotamian archaeologists this word has taken on a special meaning. See p. 87.

Eurasiatic. Sergi’s word to designate the entire body of brachycephalic whites. See p. 284.

Euryene. Possessing an upper facial index of 49.9 and under on the skull; short or broad upper-faced, or both.

Euryprosopic. Possessing (on the living) a facial index of 83.9 and under; short- or broad-faced, or both.

Eye-ear plane. A conventional or standard level at which the skull is placed for craniometric study, with the lower border of the left orbit on the same horizontal plane as the upper borders of the two ear holes.

Facets (squatting). Supplementary articulary surfaces of the foot and leg bones thought to be caused by habitual squatting.

j. Total face height X 100 .. . . .

Facial index. — - Used both on the cranium and on the

Bizygomatic

living.

Falish. See Dalo-Nordic.

Fatjanovo. A Neolithic culture of southern Russia and the Caucasus.

Favus. A serious scalp disease which causes baldness and reduces the regions affected to scar tissue.

Femur. The thigh bone.

FENNO-Nordic. The name given by von Eickstedt to a hypothetical eastern branch of the Nordic race. See p. 282.

Fibula. The outer and thinner of the two long bones of the lower leg.

FiNNO-Ugrian. The major branch of the Uralic linguistic stock, and a possible element in the formation of Indo-European. See pp. 337-339.

Foetalized, foetalization. See p. 291, footnote 56.

APPENDIX II

Food-vessel. A Bronze Age ceramic type, used in Ireland and western Great Britain.

Foramen magnum. The main opening at the base of skull through which the brain is connected to the major nerves of the body.

Frontal. Pertaining to the bone of the skull which underlies the forehead.

Frontal bosses. Paired tuberosities or eminences on the forehead.

Gerontomorphic. The opposite of foetalized, paedomorphic, and infantile. A word coined by Marett to indicate an extremely adult phenotypical condition.

Gibbonoid. Resembling the gibbon, the smallest and most arboreal of the four man-like apes.

Glabella. The area of the frontal bone, usually projecting, which lies immedi­ately above the root of the nose and which forms the central portion of the brow region.

Glabello-occipital length. The maximum length of the skull taken from glabella.

Glabrous. Hairless.

Gonial angles. The outer posterior angles or corners of the lower jaw, at -the bases of the ascending rami.

Grimaldian. A local form of Aurignacian, found in Italy, which persisted with­out interruption to the Neolithic. See p. 69, footnote 30.

Guanche. The name given the pre-Spanish inhabitants of the Canary Islands. Hooton’s name for the Afalou-like Canarian type of skull.

Hallstatt. The first of the two major divisions of the central European Iron Age.

Hamburg culture. A local Upper Palaeolithic culture of northern Germany, in part contemporaneous with the French Magdalenian. See p. 70.

Hamitic. A linguistic stock confined to the continent of Africa. Also used in a racial sense to designate the slightly negroid tall Mediterranean racial divi­sion associated locally in East Africa with Hamitic languages.

Head-spanner. A special anthropometric instrument designed to facilitate measurement of auricular head height on the living. See p. 243.

Hell ad ic. A Bronze Age cultural period in Greece.

Hellenic. A branch of Indo-European speech.

Horizontal circumference. The maximum circumference of the cranial vault taken above the browridges.

Humerus. The upper arm bone.

Hyperbrachycephalic, -y. Possessing a cephalic index of 85.6 and over; ex­tremely round- or short-headed.

Hyperdolichocephalic. Possessing an extremely low cephalic index; ex­tremely long- or narrow-headed, or both.

Hypereuryene. Possessing an upper facial index of 44.9 and under on the skull, extremely long or narrow upper-faced, or both.

Hyperleptoprosopic. Possessing (on the living) a facial index of 93.0 or over; extremely long- or narrow-faced, or both.

Hypermasculine. Possessing in excessive quantity traits which may be con­sidered to be male secondary sex characters.