- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
471
stature
was acquired since their arrival. There are a few brachycephals in
Cyrenaica, living in the coastal villages, and these appear to be
Dinarics or Armenoids; neither of these racial types, however, has
an important part to play either here or in most other sections of
North Africa. Cyrenaica, with its medley of Mediterranean and
pre-Mediterranean forms, serves as a fitting threshold to the study
of North African races.
The
most specialized, next to the Riffians the most famed, and at the
same time probably the least well-known of all North African Berber
groups is that of the Tuareg, a conglomeration of nomadic tribes
dominating the caravan routes and the few cultivable plots of land
lying between the Libyan Desert and Rio de Oro, and between the
Algerian oases and the Niger. Some indeed, live in the Air plateau
on the southern side of the Niger. Despite the vastness of their
territory, the Tuareg are not numerous, since their habitat will
support but a minimum population. They are divided into two free
classes, the Ihaggaren,
or nobles, the Imrad,
or tribute-paying tribesmen, and slaves. The nobles ride about on
their camels policing this territory, protecting their imrad,
and pillaging those of other tribes, taking toll of the caravans
which pass through their country, and themselves raiding and
transporting slaves.84
The
social system of the Tuareg86
is a finely balanced response to their environmental needs, and
resembles that of the northern Arabian Bedawin in its high
evaluation of self-reliance and independence of action. The nobles
maintain their superior position by protecting their dependents and
by their willingness to fight; with this attitude is connected the
concept of racial purity, which in effect makes the physical type of
the Tuareg nobles a result, in part, of their social system.
Inheritance of rank among the Tuareg passes through the mother, and
the numerous mixed offspring of Tuareg men and slave concubines are
not given noble rank. Despite the close association between the
Tuareg and the negroes, who preceded them in the Sahara and with
whom they are in close contact in Nigeria, the noble class has to a
large extent preserved its freedom from negroid admixture, although
there are many individual exceptions to this rule. The imrad
are in some cases fully white, and individual imrad
may be found who are less negroid than individual nobles, but the
reverse, as a
84
The tense used in the above sentence and in the following paragraph
is the ethnographic present. Actually, the Tuareg have largely
ceased these activities, under French military pressure, and are now
faced with the problem of making a new social and economic
adjustment, no easy task for a people so specialized and so finely
adjusted
to
an extreme environment.
86 Sources
on Tuareg culture are: Duveyrier, H., Les
Touareg du Nord;
and Benhazera, M., Six
Mois Chez les Touareg du Ahaggar.
The tuareg
472
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
rule,
is true. The Tuareg have a definite standard of masculine beauty, a
well-recognized noble physique and cast of countenance, which
undoubtedly has been crystallized by centuries of selection.
The
physical type of the non-negroid Tuareg nobles, and of the imrad
who
are white, is, thanks to a number of anthropometric studies,86
well enough known to merit accurate description. Since the Tuareg
males are never seen without their face-coverings, an accurate
knowledge of their characteristic physiognomy is limited to a few
scientists who have literally succeeded in lifting the Tuareg veil.
The
Tuareg nobles are tall men, with mean statures running tribally from
172 cm. to 178 cm.; about 174 cm. would be their total mean. They
are lean, long-armed, and long-legged, with narrow shoulders, narrow
hips, and chests which are narrow in an antero-posterior direction;
their hands and feet are long and very narrow, their fingers long
and thin. The very fine wrists and ankles which we have observed
among the Somalis are also present here. The addition of Negro blood
to this Tuareg bodily type broadens the shoulders, shortens the
legs, and makes the hands and feet wider and larger. The Tuareg
relative sitting height mean of 49, indicating that the sitting
height is less than half the stature, serves to illustrate the
extremely linear constitutional type of this people.
The
heads of the Tuareg are dolichocephalic and large; tribal means in
the cephalic index vary between 72 and 75, but 73 is the central
point of the whole. No brachycephals are found among the white
nobles, although they occasionally appear among negroids of other
classes. The head length mean for a series of 75 Tuareg nobles is
195 mm., the breadth 146 mm.; the vault is apparently also high. The
faces are both long and moderately broad, with a mean menton-nasion
height of 126 mm.,87
and a bizygomatic of 136 mm. The upper face height (72 mm.)87
is moderately great, and the mandible less shallow than with most
Mediterraneans; the foreheads and jaws are said to be narrow.
Among selected groups of unmixed nobles, the nasal index means run
as low as 62 and 63; among nobles in general, 67 or 6887
is a commoner figure.*
The
skin color of the Tuareg is difficult to determine, since they do
not wash, and indigo runs from their garments. But when cleaned, the
unexposed skin of the non-negroid nobles and Imrad
is seen to be a brunet-
88
Benoit, F., and Kossovitch, N., CRSB,
vol.
109, 1932, pp. 198-200.
Leblanc,
E., RDAP,
vol. 38,
1928, pp. 331-357; vol. 39, 1929, pp. 19-24.
Leblanc,
E., and Bercerot, J., RDAP,
vol. 46,
1936, pp. 140-150.
Verneau,
R., Anth,
vol. 27,
1916, pp. 47-95, 211-242, 406-430, 539-568.
Zeltner,
F., Anth,
vol. 25,
1914, pp. 459-476; RDAP,
vol. 25,
1915, pp. 170-173.
A
craniological study is: Leblanc, E., RDAP,
vol. 39,
1929, pp. 351-363.
Adjustments
and recombinations of different sources, and substitutions for
questionable techniques, have been employed in arriving at
these figures. The results are, I believe, reliable.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
473
white,
without brownish tinge; the mixed bloods, however, who are
predominantly Tuareg and only in a minor degree negroid, assume a
constant and characteristic dark brown color, known in North
Africa as amrani,
and comparable to the characteristic hue of the Somalis. Mixed
bloods of the Ifora Tuareg of the southern Sahara have a
reddish-bronze color, foreign to the northern Tuareg hybrids, and
due, in all probability, to mixture with Hausa people in the
Nigerian plateau of Air.
The
eyes of the Tuareg are all brown; not a single light or mixed eye
has been reported by competent observers; the blue eyes attributed
to the Tuareg by travellers cannot be supported by anthropometrists.
The characteristic Tuareg eye color is actually a very dark brown,
verging on black. The hair likewise is black, and no evidence of
hair blondism has been statistically reported from the noble group.
The hair is straight, wavy, or curly with ringlets; frizzly hair
among the Tuareg is considered a negroid diagnostic.
The
classical Tuareg noble, an ideal type to which many of them, as a
matter of fact, belong, has a narrow, high, and but slightly sloping
forehead; there are no browridges or very slight ones. The face
takes the form of an attenuated pentagon, with the base aloft;
prominent malars, a narrow jaw, and a pointed chin produce this
form. The unmixed Tuareg are orthognathous, have thin to medium
lips, and small teeth, which in older people are often worn to the
gums. The nose, which is the most characteristic Tuareg feature, is
high-bridged, narrow-rooted, and often convex in the upper segment,
while the lower or cartilaginous part is straight, thin-tipped, and
depressed at the end, with small wings and oblique, highly excavated
nostrils.
In
mixed forms, which in the lower Tuareg classes are more numerous
than the pure noble strain, the stature tends to be lower, the
shoulders broader, the head vault wider and lower, the forehead and
mid-face broader, and the nose thicker tipped, with wider wings.
The
Tuareg in their pure form belong to a specialized Mediterranean
sub-type, the creation of which is partly a matter of isolation and
selection under extreme environmental stimuli. They resemble
the East African Hamites very closely, and especially the whiter
element among the Somali, but in their extreme stature and great
head size they seem closer than most other living Mediterraneans to
the pre-Neolithic East African men.
Tuareg
history does not support the view that they represent a survival in
isolation of a pure East African strain from a remote period. Their
own traditions trace the nobles and Imrad
to two ancestresses, Tin Hinan 88
and Takamat, who came from Tafilalet and who were Braber,
This
ancestress was apparently a real person. The tomb traditionally
associated with her name has been excavated and found to contain a
female skeleton, richly equipped.