301

Schreiner has collected some 300 Lapp skeletons from graves along the Norwegian coast, all of which were of Lappish construction or contained typically Lappish grave furniture; there is no reason to confuse them either with contemporary Viking graves or with the earlier remains of the Stone Age people of this region, for the Lapp graves are manifestly late and intrusive. Furthermore they are geographically restricted, for the Lapps did not, before the sixteenth century, range below 63° N. Lati­tude, and the most southerly Lappish burials yet found are at Steinkjaer on the inner Trondhjem fjord. The Lapp inroad of the eighteenth century into South Trondelag and Hedmark came not from the north, but from the Swedish provinces of Jamtland and Hardjedalen, to the east. The Lapps did not, therefore, extend south into central Norway until very recent times, and had no opportunity to mix with Norwegians in any numbers south of Tydsfjord, the northernmost fjord-valley of Nordland. They cannot, therefore, have been responsible for the brachycephaly in southern Norway. Although there is no skeletal material from the Stone Age sites of northern Norway, there is no reason to suppose that these people were the ancestors of the Lapps, since Lapp sites and Stone Age sites are distinct, and nothing transitional has been found.

On the historical side, the evidence is clear. In regard to somatology we may be equally positive, since there is no lack of anthropometric material. Series by Bryn,⁶ Alette Schreiner,⁷ Gjessing,⁸ Geyer,⁹ Kajava,¹⁰ and Zolotarev ¹¹ represent Lapps from Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia; these studies are all modern and cover the living material fully, while K. E. Schreiner’s skeletal series provides a check upon the dead. All of these series show that the Lapps are very mixed, and that they contain not only Nordic blood, derived from Norwegian contact, in­tense during the last four centuries, but also a blond brachycephalic element which presumably comes from their even commoner mixture with the Kvaens, the northernmost of Finns. Several attempts have been made to isolate “pure” Lapps, but this isolation must be relative since they were probably mixed before they arrived in the present Lapp- land.

It is generally assumed that the Lapps were originally brunet, and that what blondism they possess has been acquired through this mixture. There is, of course, no factual basis for this assumption, and if it be true, the Lapps must have more non-Lapp than Lapp blood. Hair color was

⁶ Bryn, H., MAGW, vol. 62, 1932, pp. 1-74.

7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).

8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.

⁹ Geyer, E., MAGW, vol. 62, 1932, pp. 163-209.

10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.

¹¹ Zolotarev, D. A., Kolskie Lopari.

THE RACES OF EUROPE

observed by means of the Fischer scale in six modern studies,¹² while in two others ¹³ no scale was employed, but the material is capable of com­parative use. In these series the adult male Lapps vary, in black to dark brown hair colors, from forty to eighty per cent; the beard color, when observed, is lighter. There is some argument as to whether the pure brunet Lapp hair is really black or dark brown, which would indicate that it often falls into a borderline category. When blond, it is usually ashen, and almost never golden or red. The selected “pure” groups, Bryn’s Reindeer Lapps, and some of Geyer’s mountain and forest Lapps from Sweden, have seventy per cent or over of this dark hair, while the fairest Lapps, with a majority of brown and blond shades, are found in Finland and in the Kola Peninsula.

Pure dark eyes are found among one-third of Reindeer Lapps, and among as few as eight per cent in the total of Lapps from Norway.¹⁴ Pure light and light-mixed eyes are commonest among the Lapps of Finland, where they total between thirty and forty per cent, and least common among the Reindeer Lapps of interior Norway and Sweden. Even among the purest selected sub-groups, such as that of Geyer, who isolated from a larger Swedish Lapp sample a few individuals of most pronounced Lap­pish type, at least a third are light or light-mixed in iris color.

The skin color of Lapps with light hair and eyes is as light as that of Norwegians and Finns, but in the majority, with mixed or dark hair and eye pigmentation, the skin tends to a grayish yellow to yellowish brown, with some moderately dark individuals, equivalent in pigment intensity to Spaniards or Italians.¹⁵ On the whole the skin is lighter on the face and darker on the body, and is usually darkest on the abdomen and genitalia.¹⁶ Among the old this skin becomes deeply wrinkled, since it is then deficient in sub-cutaneous fat. The eyes are set in deeply excavated sockets in senility, owing to the same fat deficiency.

The Lapp hair is thick on the head, usually straight or but slightly wavy; it is of moderate texture, and seldom coarse or wiry in a truly mongoloid manner. Graying begins late, and baldness is rare. The beard,

¹² Bryn, H., MAGW, 1932.

Geyer, E., MAGW, 1932.

Gjessing, R., Die Kautokeinolappen.

Schreiner, A., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo.

Luther, M., unpublished data in Peabody Museum. Actual hair samples collected, and later matched in the laboratory.

¹³ Kajava, Y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.

Zolotarev, D. A., Kolskie Lopari.

¹⁴ Schreiner, A., Die Nord-Norweger, Martin’s numbers 2-4, total of 254 males.

¹⁶ Bryn, H., MAGW, 1932, finds 20 per cent to have von Luschan #3; the darkest shade which he records is #12.

¹⁶ Schreiner, A., Hellemo, p. 15.