- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
501
are
a number which show a combination of prognathism, a primitive
condition of the lower border of the nasal aperture, and extreme
dolicho- cephaly.132
Regional studies within the island show that among the living
population the inhabitants of the more remote mountain villages are
shorter-statured, longer-headed, and more purely brunet than are
those living nearer the coast. The relatively great antiquity of the
most primitive small Mediterranean type is indicated, while at the
same time the Nordic nucleus found in Corsica seems to be lacking
here.
Sardinia
and Corsica were peopled at the beginning of the Neolithic by a race
of short-statured, dolichocephalic, low-vaulted, brunet
Mediterraneans, coming probably from several quarters,
including the adjacent European coasts, North Africa, and the
eastern Mediterranean. Subsequent immigrations of other
Mediterranean peoples have affected the racial composition of these
islands but little.
The
last contiguous outpost of the Mediterranean world on the north and
west is the country of the Basques, which, since it straddles the
Pyrenees, forms a zone of transition into the brachycephalized world
of central Europe. The Basques are people who, although they lack
political identity, are, none the less, a nation. They number about
800,000, of whom four-fifths live in Spain, and the remainder in
France. Their country is clearly delimited by a linguistic boundary,
and their ethnic solidarity is perpetuated not only by their
language but also by a community of archaic cultural practices,
by special political privileges under the Spanish monarchy, by a
distinctive headgear,133
and by the recognition of a characteristic physical type.
The
Basque language, being an agglutinative non-Indo-European form of
speech, has attracted the attention of theorists in great, and of
linguistic experts in small, numbers. In its grammatical structure
Basque falls into the same class as many American Indian languages,
as Georgian, as Circassian, and as the Burushaski language of Hunza.
Lexically no valid comparisons have as yet been made between Basque
and any other language. Since Indo-European languages were
unquestionably late to arrive in southwestern Europe, and since
Hamitic languages were apparently not indigenous to northwestern
Africa, it is not unreasonable that some pre-Indo-European,
pre-Hamitic language should survive somewhere on either side of the
Straits of Gibraltar. Basque is probably the modern descendant of
(a) a language or languages brought by food- producing
Mediterraneans into Spain during the Early Neolithic period;
Duckworth,
ZFMA, vol. 13, 1910-11.
Distinctive
until adopted by tourists in the 1920’s.
The basques
502
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
or
(b) a language or languages brought from western Asia by seafaring
peoples in pre-Phoenician times; or (c) a blend of languages from
both sources. Other explanations seem, in the light of present
knowledge, fantastic.134
Basque is certainly Iberian, if by Iberian is meant all the
pre-Aryan languages of the Iberian peninsula.
There
is historical evidence to indicate that in Roman times the Basques
lived farther south and east in Spain than at present, and that they
were later pushed northward by Gothic pressure. Between 580 and 587
a.d.,
some
of them crossed the Pyrenees into France, and since that time they
have been advancing steadily northward at a slow rate. It is claimed
by French authorities that the Basques in France have preserved
their native culture better than have those in Spain, and that by
the same token the French Basques are the purer racially.
The
Basques are people of moderate stature, with means of 164 cm. in
Spain and 166 cm. in France. They are lightly built, ideally with
broad shoulders and narrow hips, and a conical thorax. These
generalizations as to body build are the result of general
observation rather than of anthropometry. Nevertheless it is likely
that they are, to a large extent, founded on fact. The ideal Basque
type, which is not merely an artistic standard, but a reality, is
chiefly identifiable by means of a combination of facial
features. The forehead is straight or but slightly sloping, the
browridges weak or absent, the nasion depression slight or absent,
the nose thin, often aquiline, with a thin tip, sometimes depressed;
the forehead is broad, the mid-face quite narrow, the mandible
extremely slender and narrow through the bigonial region, and the
chin is narrow and pointed. The Spanish Basques are mesocephalic,
with a mean cephalic index of 78, while the French Basques are
sub-brachycephalic, with a mean of about 82.
The
French Basques are by no means all brunet; Collignon finds 22 per
cent of blue eyes, 44 per cent of “medium,55
and 34 per cent of dark. Black hair is found in 7 per cent of the
group, brown in 77 per cent, and light brown to blond in 16 per
cent. Among the Spanish Basques the incidence of blondism is
somewhat lower, but the Basques are still light when compared to
most other inhabitants of Spain. The nasal profile
My
predecessor, Professor Ripley, devoted an entire chapter of his
Races
of Europe to
the Basques; Chapter 8, pp. 180-204. His sources were the same as
those available today, with one important exception: Morant, G. M.,
Biometrika, vol. 21, 1929, pp. 67-84. The reader is referred to
Ripley’s work for an otherwise complete bibliography on this
subject, as well as for an interesting exposition and discussion.
See also Montandon, G., UEthnie
Fran$aisey
pp. 125-137. The most important anthropometric sources are, apart
from Morant:
Aranzadi,
T. de, El
Pueblo Euskalduna.
Collignon,
R., Les
Basques,
MSAP, ser. 3, vol. 1, 1894.
Oloriz
y Aguilera, F., BSAP, ser. 4, vol. 5, 1894, pp. 520-525.
THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
503
is
convex in some 49 per cent of French Basques, as compared to 43 per
cent of Spanish ones.
The
exact metrical position of the Basques may best be determined by the
study of their crania.135
Morant, in a study of 76 male crania from Guipuzcoa, finds that the
Basques are not unusual in the dimensions and morphology of the
cranial vault. A length of 186 mm., and a breadth of 143 mm., are
moderate in size, while the cranial index of 77 is mesocephalic.
The basion-bregma height of 131 mm. is definitely low. The Basque
crania closely resemble those of the British Iron Age people and of
the seventeenth century Londoners. They conform metrically, in other
words, to a Keltic Iron Age type, which was a mixture of Nordic with
Dinaric elements.
Facially
this resemblance to British skulls is even closer; but the Basques
attain or approach several European extremes. The mean bi-malar face
breadth, taken between the lowest points of the malar-maxillary
sutures, is 89.6 mm., a craniological minimum, and the nearest
approach to it is the dimension of 90.9 mm. for the Whitechapel
English crania. The mean breadth of the nasal aperture, 22.9 mm. is
also an extreme, most closely approximated by a Lowland Scottish
series. The bizygomatic diameter of 129 mm. is not extreme, for it
is higher than that of both Sardinian and Portuguese crania. The
basion-alveon diameter, 91.9 mm., is the lowest mean known, and in
combination with other dimensions indicates an extremely
orthognathous condition.
On
the whole, these craniological data indicate three facts: (1) the
Basques are basically Mediterranean (in the wider sense) racially,
with some brachycephalic accretion.
This
accretion is for the most part Dinaric and only to a minor extent
directly Alpine. Morphologically the Basque crania show many
resemblances to those of Serbo-Croats and of some South Germans.
Col- lignon’s comparison between French Basques and the
southwestern French makes this distinction clear.
The
Basques, through inbreeding, ethnic solidarity, and the possession
of a recognized national ideal type, have developed a
characteristic physiognomy, the essential features of which
are nasal prominence and a narrowness of the median sagittal facial
segment, and of the mandible.
Collignon
believed, and Montandon follows him, that the French Basques are
freer from modern mixture than are the Spanish Basques. This may
perhaps be true, since neither the round-headed tendency
ia6
Morant, 1929. It is high time that someone should make a modern
anthropometric survey of living Basques in both France and Spain.
Many of Collignon’s measurements on the living do not follow
modern technical standards.