- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
IRON AGE
233
included
Slavs and Germans, among older elements, but made them tax- paying
vassals. Furthermore, in the days of Attila, the richness of the
Huns had attracted many craftsmen and adventurers to the royal
court, among whom were many Italians. Priscus’s account makes it
very evident 17 that Attila’s capital contained a very
heterogeneous population.
The
great migration to Hungary, that which brought the ancestors of the
present-day Magyars, took place at the end of the ninth and
beginning of the tenth century, when the Hungarian national hero
Arpad led the Magyars into Hungary, where many Slavs had settled in
the interim after the collapse of Hunnish power. We have already
seen (p. 220) that these Slavs had partially taken over Hunnish
physical traits. By 906 a.d.,
the
Magyars were at home in Hungary; in the two centuries which
followed, they adopted Christianity, and invited settlers of many
nationalities, including Moslems and Jews, to help them occupy the
land. These newcomers, along with the pre-Magyar Slavs, formed a
tax-paying peasantry.
The
Magyars were Ugrians from the region between the Volga and the
Urals, who had been partially Turkicized by the Petchenegs and
others, but had retained their Finno-Ugrian language, albeit
strongly shot with Turkish. In this respect, they resembled the
ancestral Bulgarians, semi- Turkicized Finns, who had, a few decades
earlier, crossed the lower Danube and settled Bulgaria, implanting
themselves on a population of Slavs who had themselves been but a
short while in occupancy. In Bulgaria, the Slavic language seeped
through and replaced the Finnish; in Hungary, the Ugrian became
dominant and the Slavic speech to a large extent disappeared.
Nevertheless, Slavic culture blended with the Ugrian and Turkish, to
produce modern Hungarian forms.
We
have no physical remains of the early Finnic invaders of Bulgaria,
but those of the Ugri of the land-taking period, as the Hungarians
call it, are adequate. As is to be expected, these ancestral
Magyars, led into Hungary by Arpad, were only mongoloid to a minor
degree.18 Some of the crania which are found in wealthy
graves do show definite mongoloid characteristics, but the others
for the most part lack them. The majority of the Magyars were of the
same Finnish types expected from our previous study of Finns in
Russia, while smaller minorities included Dinarics or Armenoids.19
At
any rate, it was a very mixed population that lived in Hungary
during the early Magyar period. On the whole, throwing all
elements together, the stature was short and the mean head form
mesocephalic.
Brion,
M., Attila,
the
Scourge of God.
Bartucz,
L., ZFRK, 1935.I® Ibid.
G&spir,
J., MAGW, vol. 58, 1928, pp. 129-140.
234
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Since
then, the Hungarians have grown rounder headed, as have Russians
and southern Germans.
During
all the turmoil of the Magyar and Bolgar migrations, the Ugrians who
remained in eastern Russia passed relatively unnoticed, but in the
thirteenth century or thereabouts they, for some reason, probably
new Turkish .pressure, crossed the Urals en masse, and established
themselves in the western drainage of the Obi. Here they were
divided into two tribes, the Voguls, on the immediate slopes of the
Urals, and the Ostiaks, in the lower courses of the tributaries and
along the Obi itself. In their new home their culture was modified
to stiit a more rigorous environment, and only those in the southern
Obi drainage, at the time of the Russian conquest, still practiced
agriculture.
An
adequate series of skulls from the time between this eastward
migration and the arrival of the Russians about three centuries
later shows a mixture between the original Finnish type, with which
we have already acquainted ourselves, and Siberian and central
Asiatic mongoloids, of the two types already found in the early
Hunnish and Avar cemeteries.20 How much of the mongoloid
blood was acquired in Europe, and how much later in Siberia, cannot
be determined.
In
the Hungarian period of settlement we already become aware of the
presence of a new physical type associated with the Turks, who
formed a minority in the ranks of the Magyars. When we examine the
crania of the Petchenegs and Kumans, in both Hungary and Russia21
we see that this new type has become the dominant one among these
later Turks to arrive in eastern Europe. In it mongoloid features
are sometimes present, but in abeyance. The skulls are very large,
of moderate height, extremely brachycephalic, and
planoccipital. The foreheads are sloping, browridges sometimes
heavy, the faces are very broad, and also very long. The orbits are
of moderate height. The noses are narrow, and although often low at
the root, frequently project at the bridge, giving indication of a
convex profile in the living.
These
Kuman skulls, as best represented by Debetz’s series which
includes fourteen adult males, are much longer and broader than
historic Armenian skulls,22 and both longer and broader
faced. In height, nose and orbit dimensions, and the tendency to
occipital flattening, these two groups are the same. They are also
larger than Alpine skulls from central Europe, and far greater in
facial dimensions; larger too, than the type B mongoloid crania
as represented by a large series of central Asiatic Telengets;
Zaborowski,
M., BSAP, ser. 4, vol. 9, 1898, pp. 73-111.Ssilinitsch,
J. P., AFA, vol. 34, 1903, p. 233, etc.
Bartucz,
L., AF, vol. 1, 1923, pp. 97-99.Debetz,
G., AntrM, vol. 3, 1929, pp. 89-95.
Bunak,
V. V., Crania
Armenica.
THE
IRON AGE
235
much
higher vaulted and broader of forehead than the latter, and even a
little larger faced.
Thus,
the type under consideration, which has become in many regions the
characteristic Turkish form, is one which cannot be disposed of by
the simple expedient of placing it in an Armenoid or Dinaric
category. In size and proportions of the vault, the closest parallel
to these skulls is with the British Bronze Age crania; but the
resemblance here is far from an identity, for the British faces,
although equally broad, are much shorter. In the same sense, the
Turkish skulls are reminiscent of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
brachycephalic types from Europe and North Africa.
Since
we know almost nothing of the early skeletal history of central
Asia, east of Anau and south of the Minussinsk district, it would be
worthless to spend too much time at this point speculating on
the immediate origin of this type. As with so many other problems,
we must defer its serious consideration to the section on the
living, except to point out that in a small series of ten skulls
from eastern Russian Turkestan, dated between 600 and 900 a.d.,
similar
but somewhat smaller vault forms are in evidence.23
At the same time, a few isolated Turkish skulls, from central
Siberia, attributed to from the seventh or eighth centuries a.d.,24
are not
unlike the Kuman crania.
After
the Huns and Turks came the Mongols, who had been later to adopt the
horse culture of the Asiatic plains. Their homeland was around the
southern end of Lake Baikal, and they were hunters and fishermen
before they became plainsmen. The earliest mention of them in
Chinese history occurs in the seventh century a.d.,
at which
time they camped in the country from Urga northward to the forest
edge. They are supposed to have sprung from a blue wolf, and from
this animal to Genghis Khan was a span of but eight generations.
Their
conquest of most of the known world began in the first half of the
thirteenth century, and ended two generations later with the death
of Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan. The Mongols were not
numerous enough to do all of their conquering alone, and
incorporated most of the central Asiatic Turks into their armies.
Hence there arose a perplexing welter of Mongolized Turks and
Turkicized Mongols, and no doubt of Mongolized as well as Turkicized
Iranians. We have no skeletal material adequate to untangle this
snarl, but must rely on Mongol and Buryat crania from Mongolia
itself to determine their racial type. This was simply the type B of
the Huns, in a relatively pure form, as found today particularly
among Buryats. Hence the settlement of the Mongols on the
23 Vishnevsky,
B. N., KMV, 1921, #1-2.
24 Gromov,
V. I., ESA, vol. 1, 1926, pp. 94-99.
Kazantsev,
A. I., RAT, No. 1-2, 1934, pp. 129-133.
236
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
Kalmuck
steppe brought the pure, brachycephalic Mongol type to the country
around the northern shore of the Black Sea, and into the lower Volga
plains, where whole encampments of normal Mongols may still be seen
today.
On
the whole, the Mongols proper did not influence the racial
composition of Europe in the sense that the Turks did. Their
influence was sporadic in most of the regions which they crossed,
and strong only in southeastern Russia, and in the isolated colonies
still living in the Caucasus. Elsewhere it merely served to freshen
elements already brought by the Huns and Avars.
Lest
this survey of Uralic and Altaic-speaking peoples be incomplete, we
must mention still another group, the Samoyeds, who live east of the
Osti- aks in the Obi country, and wander along the Arctic shore of
Russia as far as the Kola Peninsula, where they meet the Lapps.
The
modern Samoyeds, despite their proximity to the Siberian Ugrians,
belong for the most part to the central, brachycephalic, mongoloid
type; Bartucz’s B group, the classical Buryat-mongoloid.25
Except in modern times, they have had no influence upon the racial
composition of northern Europe.
Before
indulging in the speculation which the present study of the Uralic-
and Altaic-speaking peoples in antiquity inspires, a brief review of
our present knowledge will be in order. Uralic is a linguistic stock
or substock which includes Finnic and Ugrian, as well as
Samoyedic; Altaic includes Mongolian, Turkish, Tungusic, and
possibly Korean.
The
Finns and the Ugrians were a united people, in the geographical
sense, until the arrival of the Slavs from the west, and Huns and
Avars from the east, forced some of them to migrate, and caused the
absorption of others. Judging by a series of small samples taken
from the heart of their forest abode, they were members of the
general Nordic sub-group, most closely related to the Minussinsk
people in Siberia, but showing relationships likewise with
Scythians and peoples of known Indo-European linguistic
affiliation. Thus, since the Finns and Ugrians were not Indo-
European speakers, there is no reason to suppose that all of the
nomads of central Asia who belonged to this same racial type were
Iranians. The Samoyeds, distant linguistic relatives of the
Finno-Ugrians, are not represented by early skeletal material,
and their racial position in antiquity cannot be established.
SPEAKERS
OF URALIC AND ALTAIC, AND OLD WORLD RACIAL ORIGINS26
Sommier, S., APA,
vol.
17, 1887, pp. 71-222.Klimek,
S., APA,
vol.
59, 1929, pp. 13-31.
THE
IRON AGE
237
Of
the known Altaic speakers, three branches, the Tungus, Mongols, and
the Koreans, were and still are almost purely mongoloid. The fourth
branch, that of the Turks, is the only one the racial origin of
which is in question. Today most of the Turks are racially European,
but in the old days the Huns and Avars, who were intimately
concerned with the Turkish expansion, were as mongoloid as the
others, with both Tungus and Buryat-Mongol elements represented.
We
are at this point squarely faced with the problem of the origin of
the living Finns and Turks, and with that of the rdle played by
speakers of their linguistic stock or stocks in the formation of
European and Asiatic peoples. These problems may not be finally
solved with the evidence in our possession. Yet there is enough
material, historical, linguistic, and somatological, to make
speculation legitimate.
In
the foregoing chapter we have seen that the earliest Indo-European
languages probably moved westward into central Europe as the speech
of the Danubian immigrants as early as 3000 b.c.
These
Danubian farmers were racially the relatives or descendants of
Anatolian and South Russian peoples of a special physical type, a
branch of the Mediterranean stock to which we have given the name
Danubian. This type was reasonably homogeneous, but the number of
skulls upon which its identification is based is slight, and it is
possible that a minor increment of longer-headed, narrower-nosed
Mediterranean forms accompanied it, since the two variants seem
long to have been associated in South Russia.
Now
since Indo-European speech was a mixture of B, or Caucasic, with
or
Finno-Ugrian, and since, as we have seen, the earliest known Finno-
Ugrians were Nordics with a very strong Danubian tendency, it
therefore becomes likely that the Danubian farmers owed their
racial type to a mixture of two linguistically different
ethnic groups who were physically much the same, and both
predominantly Danubian.
If
we are correct in identifying the Corded people with the
introduction of Altaic speech into Europe, then the further
identification of the Corded racial type with (a) the non-mongoloid
modern Turks and (b) the Afgha- nian racial type of the Irano-Afghan
plateau, makes it seem possible that there was, in remote
food-producing times, an ancestral bloc of peoples living on that
plateau who spoke languages ancestral to Altaic, and perhaps
remotely related to Uralic, Sumerian, or both. Some of the peoples
who formed that bloc presumably moved northward onto the central
Asiatic grasslands. This change of scene on the part of these early
agriculturalists may have had two effects: the introduction of
agriculture into the oases of Turkestan and into Mongolia, and the
development of pastoral nomadism by some of the immigrants, with the
subsequent rise of the horse culture.
238
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
This
step in our speculative structure leads logically to the question of
the origin of the Turks. Having placed Ural-Altaic-speaking white
men, of a special Mediterranean type still found in Iran and
Afghanistan, in Turkestan and Mongolia,26 it is not
difficult to suppose that mongoloid peoples, originally hunters,
were attracted to the plains from their forests and rivers by the
advantages of the new economy, and that they assimilated, in
adopting it, those of the white immigrants with whom they were in
immediate contact.
In
the meanwhile, some of the Altaic-speaking plainsmen, related to the
ancestors of the Corded people, may have mixed with smaller
Mediterraneans such as were found at Anau, to produce Nordics
of the type found in the Minussinsk kurgans, although it is possible
that these Nordics do not antedate the arrival of the Iranians. An
inruption of relatively unmixed Corded invaders from their eastern
center, about 2200 B.C.,
brought
the Altaic linguistic element noted by Nehring in Indo-European
speech into central Europe, and produced, by a blending of these
Corded invaders with European Danubian racial elements, the European
Nordics, who, during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, spread
Indo-European speech over a wide area.
In
the middle of the second millennium B.C.,
during
the full Bronze Age, one branch of these Indo-European speakers, the
Iranians, spread eastward from their home in southern Russia
across the country north of the Black Sea into Turkestan, and thence
some of them went southward into Afghanistan and India, bearing with
them their original cattle and farming culture which they had
brought from their earlier home, with a minimum of horse
culture elements.
Other
Iranians remained on the plains, and took over the horse nomadism
which the Altaic speakers had already developed. That they mixed
with Altaic speakers, as the legend of the Scythian youths and
Amazon maidens would suggest, is probable, owing to their
acquisition of a low cranial vault and a wide face, eastern Nordic
traits which at this time were foreign to western Europe. The
importance of Altaic god names in what is known of the Scythian
language would support this contention. These Iranians spread the
horse culture westward to the Danube and eastward to China, and
pushed those of their Altaic-speaking predecessors whom they had
failed to absorb northward and eastward into Siberia and Mongolia.
In
Mongolia, about 400 B.C., the horse culture was taken over com
26 This
is substantiated by the fact that some of the Neolithic skulls from
Lake Baikal studied by Debetz are of Mediterranean type, while
others resemble those of modern Tungus.
Debetz,
G., RAJ, vol. 19, 1930, pp. 7-50; AZM, vol. 2, 1932, pp. 26-48.
THE
IRON AGE
239
pletely
by the fully mongoloid Hiung-Nu, as indicated by Chinese historical
documents. The royal and noble families of the Huns and Avars
remained purely mongoloid, but their followers in their march to
Europe consisted in large measure of these Altaic-speaking white men
who accompanied them. The historic Turks are descended in large
measure from these Altaic-speaking whites. Some, such as the Kirghiz
and the Tatars whose ancestors invaded eastern Russia in historic
times, are half mongoloid; others, including the Turkomans, the
Azerbaijani Turks, and the truly Turkish element among the Seljuks
and Osmanlis, are fully white, since their ancestors had never been
subjected to this mixture. A third group, represented today by the
Uzbegs and Sarts of Russian Turkestan, and by the pseudo-Armenoid
crania found in late Turkish graves in Europe, were a mixture of the
old long-headed white strain with central Asiatic Alpines, such as
the Tajiks, and to a lesser extent with mongoloids.
Mongols,
Turks, and Tungus, living today in the forested northern part of
Asia, that is in Siberia, are historically recent intruders who, in
response to their new environment, have partially taken over the
culture of Palae- asiatic aborigines. Their dispersions may be
traced from the Altai Mountains and Mongolia as a center. Their
linguistic relationship with each other may be due to varying
degrees of acquisition of the speech of the nomadic white peoples
who brought the horse culture to Mongolia, or to an earlier
diffusion from whites, bringing agriculture to Mongolia, from the
same source, or to both. The reindeer-milking complex of the Tungus
and Samoyeds, and the reindeer riding of the former, are borrowings
from the central Asiatic horse culture.
The
two most important steps in the foregoing reconstruction are:
the
tentative identification of the Corded people with Altaic speech;
and (2) the identification of the Corded skeletal type with (a) an
element in the Nordic racial complex of Europe, (b) the living as
well as ancient inhabitants of Iran and Afghanistan, and (c) the
modern Turkomans, Azerbaijani Turks, and the true Turkish strain
among living Osmanlis. The induction of the Sumerians into this
argument is helpful if true, but not necessary. Some of the Corded
cultural paraphernalia had a Sumerian appearance, but this may have
been caused by diffusion alone rather than by common ethnic
ancestry.
The
foregoing hypothesis, in reference to the origin of the Corded
people, of the Turks, of the modern Altaic-speaking mongoloids,
and of the Sumerians, is pure hypothesis and should not be quoted
without the inclusion of a statement that it is offered as
speculation only. It is not intended to form a part of the serious
contribution of the present study to white racial history. It is
included, however, because in the light of existing evidence it
seems more likely than any other hypothesis known to the
240
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
author
which is of equal scope and which purports to explain the same
phenomena.
In
any case, the question of Uralic and Altaic origins is a part of the
white racial problem, and it is intimately connected with the
history of Indo-European languages and of the Nordic race. Of two
elements in this reconstruction we are reasonably sure; that the
ancestors of some of the living Turks, including the Turkomans,
Azerbaijanis, and Osmanlis, were always white men, and that the
Corded people were racially related to the inhabitants of the
Iranian plateau in antiquity.