- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
584
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
The
foregoing survey of Turkic and Mongolic-speaking peoples on European
soil, with an excursion into Asia for purposes of comparison, has
served to define the racial elements which these people have brought
with them into the European racial corpus. Except for the first
Hunnish and Avar inroads, and the late invasions of the Mongols
themselves, pure Mongols were seldom involved; a mixed
mongoloid-white type, already partly formed in central Asia, was the
principal racial factor.
There
are approximately eleven millions of Hungarians in Europe, of whom
some eight million live within the boundaries of their own kingdom;
three million have been placed in exile by the Treaty of Versailles.
These three million inhabit (or inhabited) the adjacent nations of
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Rumania, most notably the
latter, where a large bloc of Magyars, the Szekelers, live in
Transylvania, under the curve of the Carpathians. Other groups are
scattered widely between the Carpathians and the boundary of
present Hungary.
The
history of Hungary, reviewed in Chapter VII, has been one of
extraordinary complexity. Within the Christian era the Hungarian
plain has witnessed the invasion and settlement of numerous Slavs,
Germans, Huns, Avars, and Ugrian Magyars; the introduction of
foreigners of all kinds by the early Hungarian kings in their
efforts to create a highly civilized state added further confusion.
Out of this medley of peoples with their many languages and
cultures, one speech, a partially Turkicized Ugric, has survived;
one dominant cultural pattern has arisen; this seems partly Slavic,
partly central Asiatic, and Romanized through the agency of
Catholicism.
The
ethnic structure of Hungary is extraordinarily complex, and as yet
not wholly known. Many small sub-groups, located in various parts of
Hungary and elsewhere, claim special descent, not from Arpad and his
followers, but from the Avars, the Cumans, and other Turkish
invaders. The Szekelers, who are claimed to be the purest of the
Magyars, in the sense that they preserve the ancient types most
faithfully, are descendants of colonists sent to the Carpathians to
ward off the inroads of the Cumans. These various traditions and
individual histories indicate that the formation of the
Hungarian people was no simple matter.
Almost
every race or sub-race in Europe, and many in Asia, have
contributed to the Magyar physical amalgam, and an adequate
anthropometric study of the Hungarians would be a task of great
magnitude. So far such a study has not been made, or at least, has
not been published. Contemporary Hungarian anthropologists have
concentrated rather upon the prodigious task of untangling the
skeletal history of their country,
The magyars
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
585
with
considerable success, as reviewed in Chapter VII. With this ample
background, the analysis of the living material which they have
accumulated and are accumulating will be made possible.116
The
stature of living Magyars within the present kingdom of Hungary
varies but slightly from region to region; local means run from 167
to 168 cm. The same is true of most of the Hungarian districts in
Rumania, except for the Transylvanian Magyars, whose mean is 169
cm., and the Szekelers, with 170 cm. Thus the Magyars are taller
than either the Ugrians or the Turks of eastern Russia, with a
tendency for stature to increase from west to east.
The
cephalic index mean maintains a brachycephalic level of 84 to 87,
with the highest figures in the southeast, in the neighborhood of
Szeged and Arad; on the whole, excessive brachycephaly is a South
Hungarian phenomenon. The tall Szekelers of the bend of the
Carpathians have the low mean, for Magyars, of 81.5. Head sizes of
Hungarians are of normal, central European dimensions; the more
brachycephalic groups have the larger heads, with length means in
the neighborhood of 185 mm., and breadths of approximately 158 mm.
They are thus equivalent to most Dinarics and Alpines in this
respect. The less brachycephalic groups farther north have lengths
of approximately 181-182 mm., and breadths of 152-153 mm.; figures
of Neo-Danubian size. The Szekelers, by contrast, have large
heads, with length and breadth means of approximately 191 mm. and
156 mm. If they have more Asiatic blood than the other Magyars, it
must be Turkish in the sense of the Turkomans and Azerbaijanis.
Small
series of Hungarians, taken as a whole, show fully European cranial
and facial dimensions. Total face heights of less than 120 mm, are
reminiscent of Ugrians as well as of modern Slavs, and are too short
for either central Asiatic Turks or Dinarics. The mean bizygomatic
diameter of 140 mm. precludes, furthermore, extensive Mongol or
Turkish influence. A moderate leptorrhiny, 'with a mean nasal index
of 68, is too high for Dinarics, but adequate for Neo-Danubians,
Turks, or Alpines.
116
Sources on the physical anthropology of living Hungarians include:
Bartucz,
L., REHF, vol. 5, Paris, 1927, pp. 209-241; ZFRK, vol. 1, 1935, pp.
225- 240; MAGW, vol. 57, 1927, pp. [126-130]; NMNM, vol. 7, 1911,
pp. 278-292; AFA, vol. 43, 1917, pp. 44-59.
Benyon,
E. D., GR, vol. 17, 1927, pp. 586-604.
Biasutti,
R., APA, vol. 51, 1921, pp. 154-184.
Hermann,
O., MAGW, vol. 35, 1905, pp. 53-63; vol. 49, 1919, pp. 3-5.
Hrdli&ka,
A., The
Old Americans.
Janko,
J., Magyar
Typuszok, Elso Sorozat: A Balaton Mellekerol.
Korosi,
M., BSAP, ser. 3, vol. 1, pp. 308-309.
Scheiber,
S. H., AFA, vol. 13,1881, pp. 233-267; CRCA, 8 me sess., Budapest,
1876, vol. 1, pp. 601-611.
Talko-Hryncewicz,
J., PAn, vol. 6, 1932, pp. 26-32, 118-119.
586
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
On
the whole, the metrical characters of the Magyars, as revealed by
small and perhaps poorly representative samples, indicate Neo-
Danubian and Alpine racial elements as the most prevalent,
especially the former.
The
pigment characters, judging from what has been published, are on the
brunet side of medium; over 50 per cent of eyes seem to be dark or
predominantly dark, while black and dark brown hair shades reach
approximately the same figure. The majority of Magyars have straight
nasal profiles; a large minority of 25 per cent are concave,
however, and a few of these are flattish in a manner which suggests
ultimate Finnic or mongoloid derivation. Nasal convexity is not
common, at least in the small series available.
According
to Bartucz’s analysis, only about 15 per cent of the population of
Hungary is Alpine racially, and this element is commonest in the
German territories of the southern part of the kingdom. A
Neo-Danubian racial type117 is the most numerous single
element, which accounts for about 35 per cent of the whole, and is
commonest in the northeast, over against Slovakia, and in this
section it rises to 60 per cent of the population. Dinarics
include 20 per cent of the total and are concentrated in the south
and especially the southwest, in contact with essentially Dinaric
regions in Yugoslavia.
Bartucz
finds about 20 per cent of the Magyars to show evidence of Asiatic
Turkish blood, in the relatively non-mongoloid sense, while about 5
per cent manifest clearly recognizable mongoloid features. These
Asiatic elements are not evenly distributed, but are concentrated in
the purer Hungarian pastoral population, while the Turkish element
is said to be especially visible in the nobility. The 5 per cent
which remains after Bartucz’s partitionment must include Nordics
and Norics, with the latter also forming part of the Dinaric
allotment, as well as a few brunet Mediterraneans.
Bartucz’s
analysis, based upon long observation as well as upon unpublished
materials, is more valid than deductions made from the small series
of detailed measurements at our disposal. Hungary fits into the
racial boundaries of the countries which surround her, without sharp
transitions; at the same time she provides a refuge in central
Europe for a minor central Asiatic survival. It is not accurate to
say that the pre-Magyar inhabitants of Hungary have completely, or
almost completely, absorbed the invaders whose speech is that of the
nation, for the Ugric followers of Arpad, who came to these plains
in thousands, must have been largely Neo-Danubian in race, as are
many of their present-day descendants and successors.
Bartucz
calls it Oriental.