- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
THE
BRONZE AGE
157
The
deviation of the Rhenish Bell Beaker skulls, such as it is, from the
Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Dinaric form, lies in a Borreby
direction. It is, therefore, more than likely that the invaders
mixed with the descendants of the earlier Neolithic brachycephals,
whose territory stretched along the North Sea coast from southern
Sweden to Belgium. On the whole, however, at the period represented
by the Worms crania, the eastern or Dinaric element was the more
important.
The
Spanish Bell Beaker problem now stands in a somewhat clearer light
than before. The Dinaric type, with which the Rhenish Bell beakers
are associated, is one which entered the western Mediterranean by
sea from the east, and eventually moved, by some route yet to be
determined in an accurate manner, to the north, and eventually to
central Europe. The paucity of brachycephals in Spain may be due to
the paucity of remains of this culture in general. It is still
possible, one might add, that certain North African elements became
involved in the Bell Beaker racial type, but such an accretion is
unnecessary and hardly likely.
The
Bell Beaker people were probably the first intrusive brachycephals.
to enter the Austrian Alps, and the mountains of northeastern
Bohemia, for the push of Lake Dwelling Alpines southeastward toward
the Balkans happened later in the Bronze Age. It is, therefore,
possible that the present Dinaric populations of the Dinaric Alps
and the Carpathians may be derived in part from this eastward
invasion. The small numbers and scattered burial habits of the
Bell Beaker people on the more densely populated plains of
Europe must have made them of much less ethnic importance there
than in the mountains.
In
their Rhineland center, the more numerous Bell Beaker people had
constant relationships with the inhabitants of Denmark, who were
still burying in corridor tombs. Furthermore, the Corded people, one
branch of whom invaded Jutland and introduced the single-grave type
of burial, also migrated to the Rhine Valley, and here amalgamated
themselves with the Bell Beaker people, who were already in process
of mixing with their Borreby type neighbors. The result of this
triple fusion was a great expansion, and a population overflow down
the Rhine, in the direction of Britain.
The
consideration of the Bell Beaker problem leads naturally to that of
the Bronze Age in the British Isles, where the Beaker people found
their most important and most lasting home. Coming down the Rhine
and out into the North Sea, they invaded the whole eastern coast of
England and of Scotland, and also the shore of the Channel.
The
Beaker invasion of Britain was not a simple affair. Not only did the
The bronze age in britain
158
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
newcomers
land in many places, but they brought with them somewhat different
traditions. Although most of them brought zoned beakers and battle
axes, in consequence of their blending with the Corded people in the
Rhinelands, others, with the older type of bell beakers and with
stone wrist-guards of Spanish inspiration, seem to have entered
unaffected by Corded influence.
Like
their predecessors the Long Barrow people, the new invaders who went
to England chose open lands for settlement, and eschewed the forest
of the Midlands, and the Weald of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent.
Yorkshire with its moors was a favorite spot, while other centers
were Wiltshire and Gloucestershire in the south, and Derbyshire and
Staffordshire in between.64 On the whole, the Beaker
people chose the same regions which had attracted the builders of
the long barrows, except that the concentration in Yorkshire
was an innovation. The Beaker people did not exterminate the
Long Barrow people, who continued for a while to build their
characteristic earth-covered vaults, in some of which Beaker pots
have actually been found. The remains of the newcomers, however, are
always buried singly under round barrows, of a type which the Corded
people contributed to the Zoned Beaker complex.
In
comparison with the Continent, Great Britain contains a great plenty
of Beaker skeletal material. The invasions which reached this island
brought the wholesale migration of a large population. Over two
hundred and sixty crania from England alone have been preserved and
studied. Out of a series of one hundred and fifty exhaustively
analyzed by Morant, the brachycephals exceed the pure long heads in
the ratio of three to one, while the intermediate forms are about
equal in number to the latter. This segregation would indicate that
the blending between the Corded racial element and its round-headed
companions was incomplete at the time of invasion, as well as
afterward. In all the regions from which a considerable number of
skulls have been taken, the proportion between round heads and long
heads is constant, and this would indicate that the survivors of the
Long Barrow people were not buried in the tombs of the invaders.
The
Bronze Age people of England, as represented by this Beaker series,
were clearly heterogeneous. The three ancestral elements which met
in the Rhinelands may be distinguished easily. All three were tall,
and the mean stature of the whole group was about 174 cm.68
The Corded element, however, was the tallest, and the Borreby
element, about 170 cm., the shortest. On the whole, the heavy-boned,
rugged quality of the
u
Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
u
Obtained by applying Pearson’s formula to 27 adult male femora
listed by Thurman. Thurman, J., MASL, vol. 1, 1865, pp.
120-168, 459-519; vol. 3, 1867, pp. 41-80.
THE
BRONZE AGE
159
Borreby
type seems to have influenced the bodily build of the total group.
The
Beaker skulls as a whole are large, long, and high vaulted, whatever
their shape. They form one of the rare groups in the world with a
cranial length of 184 mm. and an index of over 80. This peculiarity
they share with the few known brachycephalic crania of the Upper
Palaeolithic. Again reminiscent of Upper Palaeolithic skulls is the
ruggedness of muscular markings, the prominence of browridges
and occipital lines, and the depth and breadth of the mandible.
In
the Crania
Britannica
are engravings of seventy-three male crania of this group; by
observing them morphologically it is possible to segregate them into
their component elements. Twenty-four, or one-third of the whole,
are planoccipital. This ratio is probably about the correct
proportion of the original Bell Beaker element in the blend,
with the Corded group one-fourth, and the rest Borreby. The
planoccipital skulls are, as one would expect, the most
brachycephalic; for over sixty per cent of all crania over the index
point 83 possess some posterior flattening.
When
seriated by index groups and occipital form, the planoccipital
brachycephalic male crania (see Appendix I, col. 22) approach
metrically the series already discussed from Worms, as well as that
from Bronze Age Cyprus. The British planoccipitals are larger
vaulted, in all three dimensions, than their continental and
Near Eastern prototypes; they are also wider faced; but in total and
upper face heights and in nasal dimensions, they are much the same.
The curvoccipital brachycephalic crania (see Appendix I, col. 23)
are much larger; and it is this element which contributes the
combination of a truly long vault with a high index. They likewise
have large faces, of great width, and of great mandibular size. One
of the most striking differences between the two brachycephalic
British sub-groups lies in the disproportion of face heights. Both
have the same upper face height; but the total face height, from
nasion to men ton, is five mm. greater in the curvoccipital group.
The lower jaw of the planoccipital skulls is more nearly of a
normal Dinaric form, while that of the Borreby element is nearly
equal to Upper Palaeolithic standards.
The
dolichocephalic crania (see Appendix I, col. 24), forming the least
numerous of the three elements, are of pure Corded type, and furnish
an opportunity to study this form in greater numbers than elsewhere.
The vault is very long, and extremely high, with a breadth-height
ratio of 105, and extremely long faces, with deep, narrow mandibles.
There can be no question that these most extreme variants from the
fundamental Mediterranean stock came to England as part of the
Zoned Beaker racial complex, and do not represent accretions of
megalithic Long Barrow survivors, although both elements, in England
as in Scandinavia, entered into the ultimate composition of the
living population.
160
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
In
Scotland the progress of events in the Early Bronze Age was quite
different from that in England, and more complicated. The Beaker
people who arrived on the eastern shore came in part directly
from Holland, and in part from England. A few may have approached
from the west, by way of Wales. At the time of the Beaker arrival,
or not long after it, another group of people, named after the
so-called Food Vessels which they placed in their tombs, seem to
have arisen in the west, or to have arrived there from Ireland,
where they were also prevalent during the Early Bronze Age. These
Food Vessel people buried their dead in individual cists, as
did the Beaker people, but often incinerated, for which reason their
skeletal remains are relatively rare. The two groups—Beaker and
Food Vessel—had close relationships and interchanged material
possessions and ideas. In many Scottish cist graves, neither
type of pottery is present, and it is not always possible to tell to
which original complex the burial belongs.66
The
short cist skeletons of Scotland have been lumped together
regardless of original cultural affiliation, which in many
cases may have been impossible to determine. By this means a
series of seventy-seven crania has been assembled for study.67
(See Appendix I, col. 25.) In general, the Scottish Short Cist
people resembled the Beaker invaders of England, but were by no
means identical with them. The means of the cranial dimensions
are in many cases smaller, and the larger elements in the blend seem
to be less in evidence. Furthermore, the stature seems to have been
shorter, with a mean of 165.0 cm.68 for seventeen males.
The group as a whole is more purely Beaker in the continental sense,
or Dinaric, than is that in England; metrically, the Scottish series
resembles the non-Borreby brachycephalic element in the British
Beaker population, and also approximates the skulls from the
Rhineland. In several features, such as a lower vault, it comes
closer to the Cypriote Bronze Age group than does any wholly Beaker
series which we have studied.
The
reasons for the difference between the Scottish and English series
are not difficult to discover. The Borreby element is less prominent
in
Childe,
V. G , The
Prehistory of Scotland,
pp. 81-95.
Morant,
G. M., and Reid, R. W., Biometrika, vols. 3-4, 1928. Later
publications, mostly in the PSAS scries, would swell this number by
at least twelve, but would in no way alter the conclusions.
Callander,
J. G., PSAS, vol. 58, 1924, pp. 23-27.
Callander,
J. G., and Low, A., PSAS, vol. 64, 1930, pp. 191-199.
Craw,
J. H., and Low, A., PSAS, vol. 67, 1933, pp. 308-311.
Edwards,
A. J. H., PSAS, vol. 65, 1931, p. 421.
Edwards,
A. J. H., and Low, A., PSAS, vol. 66, 1932, pp. 418-426; vol. 67,
1933, pp. 164-176.
Gordon,
J. T., and Waterston, D., PSAS, vol. 67, 1933, pp. 354-361.
Low,
A., PSAS, vol. 67, 1933, pp. 176-186.
Ritchie,
J., and Dow, D. R., PSAS, vol. 69, 1935, pp. 401-415.
THE
BRONZE AGE
161
Scotland,
and the same is true of the Corded. In fact, three out of four
dolichocephalic male crania from short cists seem to be of a
Megalithic type, while only one has the characteristic vault form of
the Battle-Axe people. Long heads are less frequent here than in
England, and the original eastern Mediterranean brachycephalic
type is in the majority. Logically, one would expect that the
Food Vessel people belonged to this racial variety.
It
is impossible, however, to determine with any certainty the physical
type of the Food Vessel people in Scotland, for only four complete
skeletons have been associated with this pottery form. Three,
however, which are males, are all brachycephalic and of medium
stature, and belong, in the totality of their features, to a small
Beaker variety,69 as does the single female. Two other
individuals, represented only by long bones, were, respectively, 166
and 173 cm. tall. Little is to be learned, unfortunately, from the
members of this small group, except that they were no different from
the Beaker people who occupied the same type of cist.
There
is, however, one far better way to discover the physical affinities
of the Food Vessel people, and that is by a study of the Bronze Age
remains from Ireland. As far as we know from published evidence, the
Beaker people never went to Ireland at all. The thirty odd known
Irish skeletons of the Bronze Age, taken from short cists, were
associated with food vessels in most cases, or at least when
there is known to have been any pottery.
The
series as a whole 70 (see Appendix I, col. 26) is tall
and slender boned; the skulls, almost exclusively brachycephalic,
are often thin walled; the bony relief is rarely as prominent as in
the British specimens. Metrically, the Irish crania are
narrower headed and narrower faced than the Scottish, and are almost
identical with the Adlersburg group in Germany, and quite close to
the series from Cyprus. Their most notable difference from the
British group, which confirms their similarity to the skulls from
Cyprus, is in their narrow facial breadth. In this and in many other
ways, the Scottish skulls are intermediate between the English and
the Irish.
Dow,
D. R., PSAS, vol. 69, 1935, pp. 401-415.
Low,
A., PSAS, vol. 64, 1930, pp. 191-195; vol. 65, 1931, pp. 418-426.
PAAS, 1904-06, pp. 133-142.
Waterston,
D., PSAS, vol. 67, 1933, pp. 354-361.
A
composite group from the following sources:
Haddon,
A. C., PRIA, vols. 3-4, 1896-98, pp. 570-585.
Martin,
G. P., JSAI, vol. 62, 1932, p. 55; vol. 64, 1934, pp. 87-89.
Martin,
C. P., Price, L., and Mitchell, G. F., PRIA, vol. 63, 1936, sec. C,
#7.
Movius,
H. L., PRIA, vol. 61, 1934, pp. 258-284; JSAI, vol. 59, 1929, pp.
99-115; vol. 64, 1934, pp. 73-85; vol. 65, 1935, pp. 213-222.
Shea,
S., JGAS, vol. 12, 1925, pp. 13-22.
See
also:
Martin,
C. P., Prehistoric
Man in Ireland.
Morant,
G. M , JRAI, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 43-55.