- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
604
THE
RAGES OF EUROPE
closely;
that they and the French form the two ends of the Alpine racial area
in Europe, the center of which is largely taken up by the Dinaric
amalgam.
The
title of this section is The
Greeks,
and not Greece,
since from the mythical days of the Argonauts to the present,
neither the peninsula of Hellas nor Ionia and the Aegean Islands
have been large enough to hold the far-wandering Hellenes. Greek is
a language and a civilization, the Greeks a people; the Greeks are
the descendants of all the peoples who have adopted and retained
that language and that civilization from classical times to the
present. Some of these converts to Hellenicism were inhabitants
of Asia Minor, others of Thrace and Byzantium, others of the lands
bordering the Black Sea, especially the Crimea.
Into
the peninsula of Greece itself, many thousands of Slavs wandered as
immigrants during the maximum South Slavic expansion; the Turks
brought colonists, including many Albanians, and whole districts of
Boeotia and Attica and of other parts of Greece are today Albanian
speaking. Romance-speaking shepherds, the Vlachs, have also
made the slopes of the Pindus their seasonal pastures. Since the
World War many of the Greeks living in Thrace and Asia Minor have
been sent to Greek soil to live, while Turks and other Moslems have
been in turn repatriated. Despite these attempts at producing ethnic
order, much Greek territory, especially in Macedonia, remains
ethnically heterogeneous. Furthermore, the number of Greeks who live
abroad, be it in Egypt, East Africa, or in the New World, is so
great that the Greeks are still almost an international people. Many
of the Greeks leave home to make their fortunes on less stony soil,
but many of them also return.
It
is inaccurate to say that the modern Greeks are different physically
from the ancient Greeks; such a statement is based on an ignorance
of the Greek ethnic character. In classical times the Greeks
included many kinds of people living in different places, as they do
today. If one refers to the inhabitants of Attica during the sixth
century, or to the Spartans of Leonidas, then the changes in these
localities have probably not been nearly as great as that between
the Germans of Tacitus and the living South Germans, to cite but a
single example.
Within
the peninsula of Hellas, despite the mobility of the Greeks to and
from their country, the internal mobility has not been sufficient to
break down strong local differentiations in head form. The Epirotes,
like their neighbors the Toscs, have an extremely high cephalic
index mean, 88, and there seems to be a strongly brachycephalic zone
running down the western slopes of the mountain core from Albania to
the Gulf of Corinth,
The greeks
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
605
and
perhaps beyond.130 It is an extension of the same zone
which extends all the way from the Alpine racial center in France,
and more specifically, of the population studied in the region of
Gjinokaster in southernmost Albania. The Greeks of Macedonia, again,
who live in settlements interspersed with those of Bulgars and
of Turks, possess the usual West Balkan brachycephaly, with mean
cephalic indices of 86 for Christians, and 84.6 for Moslems. Greeks
from the northern shore of Asia Minor have a mean of 87, while those
from the Black Sea coast in Rumania, and members of the colony in
the Crimea, are low brachycephals, with a mean of 82.
In
Greece itself, most of the Peloponnesus, Attica, Euboea, and the
Ionian Isles are characterized by a mean cephalic index of 81 to 82;
this is also true of the Greeks who are found abroad, as in America.
Aside from local groups in regions which, in classical times, were
not truly Greece, the modern Greeks are for the most part low
brachycephals. In Thessaly a provincial mean of 77 has been
reported; and Greeks from the shore of the Sea of Marmora have a
mean of 79. There are still, therefore, local groups of Greeks who
are largely long-headed.
The
stature mean for Greeks in general runs about 167 cm., and there
seems to be little regional variation; those in Asia Minor and in
the Crimea are a millimeter shorter, those measured in Boston a
millimeter taller. The Greeks are as tall as most South Germans or
northern Frenchmen; their stature is too elevated for the
prevalence, in partial brachycephaliza- tion, of a strong, small
Mediterranean strain. About half of them have brunet-white or light
brown skin color, the rest the usual pinkish-white of central and
northern Europe; over 80 per cent have dark brown hair, the rest
have hair evenly divided between black and the lighter shades of
brown. Pronounced blondism, although rare, is not unknown. The beard
is rarely lighter than the head hair, in contrast to the condition
found among Ghegs and Montenegrins; the implication is that the dark
brown
130
A bibliography of works on the physical anthropology of the modern
Greeks would include:
Apostolides,
BSAP, ser. 3, vol. 6, 1883, pp. 614-616.
Cutukala,
G. J., AnthPr, vol. 8, 1930, pp. 12-136.
Hasluck,
M. M., and Morant, G. M., Biometrika, vol. 21, 1929, pp. 325-334.
HrdliCka,
A., The
Old Americans.
Koumaris,
J., ACAP, 1931. Paris, 1931, pp. 218-221.
Neophytos,
A. G., Anth, vol. 1, 1890, pp. 679-711; vol. 2, 1891, pp. 25-35.
Ornstein,
ZFE, vol. 9, 1877, pp. (39)~(41); vol. 11, 1879, pp. (305)~(306).
Pittard,
E., AS AG, vol. 1, 1914, pp. 7-36; RDAP, vol. 25, 1915, pp. 447-454.
Schiff,
F., ZFE, vol. 46, 1914, pp. 14-40.
Stephanos,
C., DESM, ser. 4, 10, 1884, Article Grke,
p. 432.
Weisbach,
A., MAGW, vol. 11, 1882, pp. 72-97.
Besides
these published works reference has been made to a series of 113
Greeks measured in Boston in 1932, by Drs. B. Gardner, S. Kimball,
M. Titiev, and Mr. E. Muller, as part of a graduate course in field
methods, under the direction of the author.
606
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
hair
of the majority of Greeks is a pure brunet condition. Over 65 per
cent of Greeks have pure brown eyes, and most of these are dark
brown; pure lights are sporadic, but there is a 15 per cent
incidence of light- mixed iris forms.
The
pigment ratios given above apply to Greeks as a whole; there is
evidence, however, of considerable regional variation. The
Macedonian Greeks are much lighter, especially those that are
Moslem, while the Greeks of the Ionian islands are darker, as are,
in all probability, most Peloponnesians.
For
a more detailed study of the Greeks, we may examine the series
measured in Boston, which, although without doubt subjected to
selective forces, does not seem too much at variance from native
Greek samples for our purposes. The men measured came from all parts
of Greece, and from Asia Minor. Their mean stature, 168 cm,, is
moderately tall; their bodily proportions are for the most part
intermediate; the shoulders are broad, the trunk length moderate, as
shown by a relative sitting height of 52.9; the relative span is
104.
Their
heads, with a mean cephalic index of 82, are long for brachycephals
(189 mm.), and of moderate breadth (154 mm.); the head height of 127
mm. is moderately high. The occiput protrudes but little in most of
the group; 40 per cent have lambdoidal flattening, while some degree
of occipital flattening occurs in over 50 per cent. It is
pronounced, however, in only about 20 per cent. Their facial
breadths are: minimum frontal,
mm.,
bizygomatic, 142 mm., and bigonial, 111 mm.; the great breadth of
the jaw, as compared with that of the forehead, is a Greek
specialty, and is strongly contrasted with the inverted triangle
face form of Albanian Dinarics. The face height is 124.4 mm., the
upper face height 75.6 mm.; the facial index, 87, is mesoprosopic,
the upper facial index, 53, a little high in comparison with the
foregoing. The noses are both long (58.8 mm.) and moderately broad
(37 mm.); the nasal index of 63.2, leptorrhine.
The
dimensions given above are for the most part quite variable; a
number of distinct types are included, but the metrical character of
the group as a whole indicates a blending of Dinarics and Alpines
with Atlanto- Mediterraneans, which is confirmed by the
observational data to follow.
The
head hair is straight in slightly more than half the group, wavy in
most of the rest, but curly hair is not unusual. It is usually
medium to fine in texture. With at least half of adult male Greeks,
it is thin on the head, and about one out of five of any adult group
is bald. In old age baldness affects the majority. The beard
development is as a rule thicker than in most European groups, and
the body hair is often abundant.
The
eyebrows are often thick, and are concurrent in 75 per cent of the
THE
CENTRAL ZONE
607
group;
the browridges are usually of moderate development. The foreheads
give, in most cases, an appearance of great width, and are seldom
more than very slightly sloping. The nasal characters of the Greeks
are variable, but there are definite trends which pervade the whole
group. The root is, as a rule, moderately high, and medium to broad;
narrow roots, usual among most northern Europeans and among
Dinarics, are rare. The bridge is of medium to great height, almost
never low; the breadth is as a rule medium to broad. The nasal
profile is straight in about 45 per cent of the group, convex in
about 30 per cent, and concave in but 10 per cent, while the rest
are wavy or concavo-convex. The tip is as a rule thick, and elevated
more often than it is depressed. The nasal wings, as a rule medium,
are flaring more often than compressed. On the whole few Greek noses
can qualify as Dinaric in the strict sense; more are typically
Alpine, while a straight-profiled, consistently wide form is the
commonest.
There
is nothing remarkable about the lips and mouth region of the Greeks;
both membranous and in tegumental lips thicknesses are of usual
European dimensions, and eversion is as a rule slight to medium. The
lip seam, however, is usually visible, and is sometimes prominently
elevated. A slight degree of facial prognathism is found in
nearly half the group; alveolar prognathism is rare. Typically Greek
features are full, curved temples, full cheeks, a laterally
prominent malar region, and strongly everted gonial angles. In these
facial characters well over half show an extreme development for
Europeans.
Within
the Greek group, heavy beards, heavy browridges, and concurrent
eyebrows tend to associate themselves with an Alpine type; there is
also a linkage between tall stature, in the 170 cm. class, cephalic
indices of about 80, straight noses, dark brown hair, and dark brown
eyes. This last set of associations clearly denotes the presence of
a strong Atlanto- Mediterranean element. There are also strong
connections between black hair, occipital flattening, and narrow
facial features, which means Dinaric or Armenoid. That the small
amo\int of blondism among the Greeks is mostly Nordic in origin is
indicated by its linkage with external eyefolds, relative thinness
of beard, and absence of eyebrow concurrency.
The
Greeks, in short, are a blend of racial types, of which two are most
important; the Atlanto-Mediterranean and the Alpine. Dinaricism here
is present, but not all pervading; true Alpines are commoner than
complete Dinarics. The Nordic element is weak, as it probably
has been since the days of Homer. The racial type to which Socrates
belonged is today the most important, while the
Atlanto-Mediterranean, prominent in Greece since the Bronze Age, is
still a major factor. It is my personal reaction to the living
Greeks that their continuity with their ancestors of the ancient
world is remarkable, rather than the opposite.
608
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
The
living inhabitants of Crete differ considerably from the mainland
Greeks.181 They are taller, with a mean stature of 169
cm., and meso- cephalic, with a mean cephalic index of 79. In some
districts, as at Pedhi&dha, the mean is actually on the upper
border of dolichocephaly, at 77. The heads of the mesocephalic
Cretans are as large as those of Nordics or Atlanto-Mediterraneans;
a mean length of 193 mm., and a breadth of 149 mm., characterizes
the group with an index mean of 77.
In
facial and nasal dimensions, the Cretans resemble the Greeks. They
are, however, somewhat blonder; only 35 per cent have pure brown
eyes, while about 7 per cent have eyes that are light or
predominantly light; the rest are mixed, with dark mixture in the
great majority. About 25 per cent have black hair, and about 50 per
cent dark brown; 10 per cent are light brown or blond, the rest
medium brown. As among Albanians and not among most mainland Greeks,
the beards are much lighter; 40 per cent have blond or light brown
mustaches, with an equal number black or dark brown. About one-sixth
have light brown to very brunet-white skin color.
One
special group, the Sphakiots, living near the western end of the
south side of the island, differ from the other Cretans in a number
of characters; they are very tall, with a mean stature of 175 cm.,
and meso- to sub-brachycephalic, with a mean cephalic index of 81.6.
They have especially large heads, with a mean length of 191 mm. and
breadth of 155 mm.; their faces are longer than the others, and
equally broad or broader. Morphologically Dinaric types are common
among them; they may be compared with Montenegrins and the
northernmost Ghegs. According to the general assumption of
authorities on Crete, the Sphakiots are the partial descendants of
the Dorians who invaded the island at the end of the Minoan period.
That some of them do resemble the traditional Spartan type is very
likely. One can only derive them from the north, from the region in
which the larger branch of the Dinaric race was formed.
The
living Cretans are for the most part Atlanto-Mediterraneans, and
there has been no post-Dorian migration into the island which could
have brought such a type in large numbers. The only logical
explanation of its presence in Crete, formed on the basis of
available data, is that some of this element existed in Crete in
Minoan, probably for the most part Middle and Late Minoan,
times; that migrations from the Greek mainland at the time of the
Minoan collapse may have brought more.
The
fact that a larger number of Cretans are blond than is the case with
Hawes,
C. H., ARBS, vol. 14, 1909-10, pp. 258-280; RBAA, supplement, 1910.
Luschan,
F. von, ZFE, vol. 45, 1913, pp. 21-393.
Rosinski,
B., Kosmos, vol. 50, 1925, pp. 584-637.
Schiff,
F., ZFE, vol. 46, 1914, pp. 8-13.