287

geographical zones; the cold northern plain, the central mountain belt, and the warm belt reaching along the Mediterranean shores, and over Arabia and Iran to India.

He differs from Ripley, however, in that he divides his three zones into sub-races, and here he follows, for the most part, Deniker. The northern zone is occupied, at its western extremity, by the Nordics; at its eastern by his Osteuropid race, the Orientale of Deniker, and the East Baltic of Nordenstreng and of authors writing in English.⁴⁸ The central mountain belt is occupied, reading from west to east, by the Alpines, the Dinarics, and, in Asia, the Armenoids, and the Turanids, the latter being the leptor­rhine brachycephalic central Asiatic Turkish racial form. The southern zone is occupied by the Mediterraneans on the west, then the Orientalids (Deniker’s Indo-Afghan) in North Africa, and thence over to Khyber Pass, where the Indid race begins.

In the differentiation between the segments of each zone, Montandon’s ideas,⁴⁹ elaborated from those of Rosa, come into play. Von Eickstedt, following the principles of the ologenesis theory, has decided that some races are progressive in the evolutionary sense, while others are primitive. The two words, here simply Anglicized from the German, are apparently translations of Montandon’s precoce and tardif. The distinction is that one is capable of further evolution, the other is not. In the von Eickstedt sense, the primitive branch is usually earlier. Thus he makes the Alpines, in particular, primitive; the Dinarics, in contrast, are progressive forms of the same original root.

According to von Eickstedt, the races which come under his classifi­cation entered Europe in post-glacial times. First came the Mediter­raneans, during the Mesolithic; then the Alpines, who approached the Swiss lake dwellings from the east, but still in Mesolithic times; the Dinarics go back only to the Bronze Age. The Alpines were a forest people, and spread out into the forests of northern Europe as well as of those which covered the mountains in the center. An extra-primitive proto-Alpine type went to Denmark to associate itself with the Magle­mose culture. Then the Nordics broke through along the newly-formed northern steppes, and entered Scandinavia over Denmark, passing into Norway by two routes: around by Oslo; and through the gap between the two melting nuclei of the glacier, into Trondelagen. Earlier brachy­cephals are found at the termini of these routes.

According to his system the Lapps are Alpines isolated in the north; they are the purest Alpines of all and are not mongoloid. The Nordics

48. Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.

Lundborg and Linders, Racial Characters of the Swedish Nation, pp. 50-52.

Hooton, E. A., Up from the Ape, pp. 508-5Q9, 535.

48. Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.

289

such a way as to include the Alpine of Ripley, as well as the Lapps proper. In this identification of Lapps and Alpines, Czekanowski and von Eick­stedt agree. The Dinaric becomes a mixture of Lapponoid and Armenoid, which is difficult to follow; the “Pile Dwelling,” being a mixture of Lap­ponoid and Mediterranean is, however, fully in accordance with the facts in regard to the crania of Swiss Lake Dwellers,⁶¹ concerning which Czekanowski is a specialized authority.⁶² It seems unfortunate that the word “Alpine,” should be torn from its context, immortalized by Ripley, and applied to a hypothetical Nordic-Armenoid cross, thus further abet­ting the confusion prevalent among even professional anthropologists, a confusion which Gunther, in his wholesale swapping of names, has done much to foster.⁵³

It is not the purpose of the present survey to criticize in detail the two schemes chosen for presentation. Czekanowski, like Gunther, von Eick­stedt, and others, has rescued the Armenoid, which was first carefully described by von Luschan,⁵⁴ from the obscure companionship of Aus­tralians and Ethiopians in which Deniker had thrown it; he also, antici­pating von Eickstedt and following the early example of Pruner Bey,⁵⁵ has attempted to salvage the Lapps from a mongoloid category and to make them full-fledged if primitive Europeans. But his scheme is mani­festly too pat, too regular, and too mathematical, to agree fully with nature, and, furthermore, it disagrees in many respects with the findings of the historical discipline.

In making our own classification, let us first review the system which grew out of the skeletal study in Chapters II to VII. The groundwork of this system, and the list of types, may be gathered from the study of the lower half of Fig. 30. In this chart an attempt is made to separate the purely sapiens Mediterranean group from the Upper Palaeolithic mixed sapiens and Neanderthal races. Thus the Mediterranean sub-groups, races of food-producers which had already become differentiated before the great migrations into Europe, are listed as follows: Irano-Afghan, Corded, Atlanto-Mediterranean, Cappadocian, Mediterranean Proper, and Danubian. The old hunting and fishing population is divided into: Brunn, Borreby, and Alpine; while that branch which bears a considerable strain of incipient mongoloidism, includes Lappish and Ladogan, the latter being the vaguely mongoloid mixed meso- and brachycephalic element which appeared sporadically in the forest region of Russia, and occasionally to the south, from the beginning of the Russian Neolithic

60. See Chapter IV, pp. 113-115.

⁵² Czekanowski, J., AFA, vol. 48, 1925, pp. 65-76,

88. Gunther, H., Rassmkunde der deutschen Volkes.

⁶⁴ Luschan, F. von, JRAI, vol. 41, 1911, pp. 221-244.

⁸⁶ Pruner Bey, F., MSAP, vol. 2, 1865, pp. 417-432.

290

Fig. 30. Schematic Representation of White Racial History.