- •Published, April, 1939.
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Introduction 78-82
- •Introduction 131-135
- •Introduction 297-298
- •Introduction 400-401
- •Introduction 510-511
- •List of maps
- •Introduction to the historical study of the white race
- •Statement of aims and proposals
- •Theory and principles of the concept race
- •Materials and techniques of osteology**
- •Pleistocene white men
- •Pleistocene climate
- •Sapiens men of the middle pleistocene
- •The neanderthaloid hybrids of palestine
- •Upper palaeolithic man in europe,
- •Fig. 2. Neanderthal Man. Fig. 3. Cro-Magnon Man.
- •Aurignacian man in east africa
- •The magdalenians
- •Upper palaeolithic man in china
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Fig. 12. Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden. Neolithic.
- •Mesolithic man in africa
- •The natufians of palestine
- •The midden-d wellers of the tagus
- •Mesolithic man in france
- •The ofnet head burials
- •Mesolithic man in the crimea
- •Palaeolithic survivals in the northwest
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Cit., pp. 133-136.
- •38 Fiirst, Carl m., fkva, vol. 20, 1925, pp. 274-293.
- •Aichel, Otto, Der deutsche Mensch. The specimens referred to are b 5, ks 11032, ks 11254b, b 38, b 34, b 37, b 10.
- •Clarke, j. G. D., op. Citpp. 133-136.
- •Summary and conclusions
- •The neolithic invasions
- •(1) Introduction
- •1 Childe, V. Gordon, The Dawn of European Civilization; The Most Ancient East; The Danube in Prehistory; New Light on the Most Ancient East; Man Makes Himself.
- •And chronology '
- •The neolithic and the mediterranean race
- •Vault medium to thin, muscular relief on vault as a rule slight.
- •Iran and iraq
- •Vallois, h. V., “Notes sur les Tfctes Osseuses,” in Contencau, g., and Ghirsh- man, a., Fouilles de Tepe Giyan.
- •Jordan, j., apaw, Jh. 1932, #2.
- •Keith, Sir Arthur, “Report on the Human Remains, Ur Excavations,” vol. 1: in Hall, h. R. H„ and Woolley, c. L., Al 'Ubaid,
- •10 Frankfort, h., “Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933-34,” Fourth Preliminary Report, coic #19, 1935,
- •Civilized men in egypt
- •11 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1925, p. 4.
- •12 This summary of climatic changes in Egypt is based on Childe, V. G., New Light
- •18 Childe, op. Cit.Y p. 35. 14 Leakey, l. S. B., Stone Age Africa, pp. 177-178.
- •Brunton, Guy, Antiquity, vol. 3, #12, Dec., 1929, pp. 456-457.
- •Menghin, o., Lecture at Harvard University, April 6, 1937.
- •Childe, V. G., op. Cit.Y p. 64.
- •Derry, Douglas, sawv, Jahrgang, 1932, #1-4, pp. 60-61. 20 Ibid., p. 306.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1927, vol. 27, pp. 293-309.
- •21 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 17, 1925, pp. 1-52.
- •Morant, op. Cit., 1925.
- •Neolithic north africa
- •(6) The neolithic in spain and portugal
- •The eastern source areas: south, central, and north
- •The danubian culture bearers
- •The corded or battle-axe people
- •The neolithic in the british isles
- •Western europe and the alpine race
- •Schlaginhaufen, o., op. Cit.
- •Schenk, a., reap, vol. 14, 1904, pp. 335-375.
- •Childe, The Danube in Prehistory, pp. 163, 174.
- •Neolithic scandinavia
- •Introduction
- •Bronze age movements and chronology
- •The bronze age in western asia
- •The minoans
- •The greeks
- •Basques, phoenicians, and etruscans
- •The bronze age in britain
- •The bronze age in central europe
- •The bronze age in the north
- •The bronze age on the eastern plains
- •The final bronze age and cremation
- •Summary and conclusions
- •Race, languages, and european peoples
- •The illyrians
- •The kelts
- •Vallois, h. V., Les Ossements Bretons de Kerne, TouUBras, et Port-Bara.
- •We know the stature of Kelts in the British Isles only from a small Irish group, and by inference from comparison with mediaeval English counterparts of Iron Age skeletons.
- •Greenwell, w., Archaeologia, vol. 60, part 1, pp. 251-312.
- •Morant, g. M., Biometrika, 1926, vol. 18, pp. 56-98.
- •The romans
- •46 Whatmouffh. J., The Foundations of Roman Italy.
- •The scythians
- •88 Browne, c. R., pria, vol. 2, ser. 3, 1899, pp. 649—654.
- •88 Whatmough is in doubt as to their linguistic affiliation. Whatmough, j., op. Cit., pp. 202-205.
- •Fig. 29. Scythians, from the Kul Oba Vase. Redrawn from Minns, e. H., Scythians and Greeks, p. 201, Fig. 94.
- •Doniti, a., Crania Scythica, mssr, ser. 3, Tomul X, Mem. 9, Bucharest, 1935.
- •The germanic peoples
- •Stoiyhwo, k., Swiatowit, vol. 6, 1905, pp. 73-80.
- •Bunak, V. V., raj, vol. 17, 1929, pp. 64-87.
- •Shetelig, h., Falk, h., and Gordon, e. V., Scandinavian Archaeology, pp. 174-175.
- •70 Hubert, h., The Rise of the Celts, pp. 50-52.
- •71 Nielsen, h. A., anoh, II Rakke, vol. 21, 1906, pp. 237-318; ibid., III Rakke, vol. 5, 1915, pp. 360-365. Reworked.
- •Retzius, g., Crania Suecica, reworked.
- •78 Schliz, a., pz, vol. 5, 1913, pp. 148-157.
- •Barras de Aragon, f. De las, msae, vol. 6, 1927, pp. 141-186.
- •78 Hauschild, m. W., zfma, vol. 25, 1925, pp. 221-242.
- •79 Morant, g. M., Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •8° Reche, o., vur, vol. 4, 1929, pp. 129-158, 193-215.
- •Kendrick, t. D., and Hawkes, c. F. C., Archaeology in England and Wales, 1914-1931.
- •Morant, Biometrika, vol. 18, 1926, pp. 56-98.
- •Lambdoid flattening is a characteristic common to Neanderthal and Upper Palaeolithic man, but rare in the exclusively Mediterranean group.
- •Calculated from a number of series, involving over 120 adult males. Sources:
- •Peake, h., and Hooton, e. A., jrai, vol. 45, 1915, pp. 92-130.
- •Bryce, t. H., psas, vol. 61, 1927, pp. 301-317.
- •Ecker, a., Crania Germanica.
- •Vram, u., rdar, vol. 9, 1903, pp. 151-159.
- •06 Miiller, g., loc. Cit.
- •98 Lebzelter, V., and Thalmann, g., zfrk, vol. 1, 1935, pp. 274-288.
- •97 Hamy, e. T., Anth, vol. 4, 1893, pp. 513-534; vol. 19, 1908, pp. 47-68.
- •The slavs
- •Conclusions
- •The iron age, part II Speakers of Uralic and Altaic
- •The turks and mongols
- •I® Ibid.
- •Introduction to the study of the living
- •Materials and techniques
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •Distribution of bodily characters
- •2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,
- •Hair Flaxen
- •Gobineau, a. De, Essai sur Vinegaliti des races humaines.
- •Meyer, h., Die Insel Tenerife; Uber die Urbewohner der Canarischen Inseln.
- •46 Eickstedt, e. Von, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.
- •Nordenstreng, r., Europas Mdnniskoraser och Folkslag.
- •Montandon, g., La Race, Les Races.
- •Large-headed palaeolithic survivors
- •Pure and mixed palaeolithic and mesolithic survivors of moderate head size56
- •Pure and mixed unbrachtcephalized mediterranean deriva tives
- •Brachtcephauzed mediterranean derivatives, probably mixed
- •The north
- •Introduction
- •The lapps
- •I Wiklund, k. B., gb, vol. 13, 1923, pp. 223-242.
- •7 Schreiner, a., Die Nord-Norweger; Hellemo (Tysfjord Lappen).
- •8 Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen.
- •10 Kajava, y., Beitr'dge zur Kenntnis der Rasseneigenschaften der Lappen Finnlands.
- •17 For a complete bibliography of early Lappish series, see the lists of Bryn, the two Schreiners, Geyer, Kajava, and Zolotarev.
- •Schreiner, k. E., Zur Osteologie der Lappen.
- •Gjessing, r., Die Kautokeinolappen, pp. 90-95.
- •Hatt, g., Notes on Reindeer Nomadism, maaa, vol. 6, 1919. This is one of the few points regarding the history of reindeer husbandry upon which these two authorities agree.
- •The samoyeds26
- •Scandinavia; norway
- •Iceland
- •Sweden64
- •Denmark62
- •The finno-ugrians, introduction
- •Fig. 31. Linguistic Relationships of Finno-Ugrian Speaking Peoples.
- •Racial characters of the eastern finns
- •The baltic finns: finland
- •The baltic-speaking peoples
- •Conclusions
- •The british isles
- •R£sum£ of skeletal history
- •Ireland
- •Great britain, general survey
- •Fig. 32. Composite Silhouettes of English Men and Women.
- •The british isles, summary
- •Introduction
- •Lapps and samoyeds
- •Mongoloid influences in eastern europe and in turkestan
- •Brunn survivors in scandinavia
- •Borreby survivors in the north
- •East baltics
- •Carpathian and balkan borreby-like types
- •The alpine race in germany
- •The alpine race in western and central europe
- •Aberrant alpine forms in western and central europe
- •Alpines from central, eastern, and southeastern europe
- •Asiatic alpines
- •The mediterranean race in arabia
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands
- •Long-faced mediterraneans of the western asiatic highlands: the irano-afghan race
- •Gypsies, dark-skinned mediterraneans, and south arabian veddoids
- •The negroid periphery of the mediterranean race
- •Mediterraneans from north africa
- •Small mediterraneans of southern europe
- •Atlanto-mediterraneans from southwestern europe
- •Blue-eyed atlanto-mediterraneans
- •The mediterranean reemergence in great britain
- •The pontic mediterraneans
- •The nordic race: examples of corded predominance
- •The nordic race: examples of danubian predominance
- •The nordic race: hallstatt and keltic iron age types
- •Exotic nordics
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: I
- •Nordics altered by northwestern european upper palaeolithic mixture: II
- •Nordics altered by mixture with southwestern borreby and alpine elements
- •The principle of dinaricization
- •European dinarics: I
- •European dinarics: II
- •European dinarics: III
- •European dinarics: IV
- •Dinarics in western asia: I
- •Dinarics in western asia: II
- •Armenoid armenians
- •Dinaricized forms from arabia and central asia
- •The jews: I
- •The jews: II
- •The jews: III
- •The mediterranean world
- •Introduction
- •The mediterranean rage in arabia
- •The mediterranean world
- •7 Lawrence, Col. T. E., The Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
- •The Distribution of Iranian Languages
- •The turks as mediterraneans
- •Fig, 37. Ancient Jew.
- •North africa, introduction
- •Fig. 38. Ancient Libyan. Redrawn from
- •The tuareg
- •Eastern barbary, algeria, and tunisia
- •The iberian peninsula
- •The western mediterranean islands
- •The basques
- •The gypsies
- •Chapter XII
- •The central zone, a study in reemergence
- •Introduction
- •8 Collignon, r., msap, 1894.
- •9 Collignon, r., bsap, 1883; Anth, 1893.
- •Belgium
- •The netherlands and frisia
- •Germany
- •Switzerland and austria
- •The living slavs
- •Languages of East-Central Europe and of the Balkans
- •The magyars
- •The living slavs (Concluded)
- •Albania and the dinaric race
- •The greeks
- •Bulgaria
- •Rumania and the vlachs
- •The osmanli turks
- •Turkestan and the tajiks
- •Conclusions
- •Conclusion
- •Comments and reflections
- •The white race and the new world
- •IflnrlrH
- •Alveon (also prosthion). The most anterior point on the alveolar border of the upper jaw, on the median line between the two upper median incisors.
- •Length of the clavicle (collar bone) and that of the humerus (upper arm bone);
- •Incipiently mongoloid. A racial type which has evolved part way in a mongoloid direction, and which may have other, non-mongoloid specializations of its own, is called incipiently mongoloid.
- •List of books
- •Index of authors
- •54; Language distribution, 561, map; Jews in, 642; Neo-Danubian, ill., Plate 31, Jig. 4.
- •Map; classified, 577; racial characteristics, 578-79; ill., Plate 3, fig. 3.
- •Ill., Plate 6, Jigs. 1-5; survivors in Carpathians and Balkans, ill., Plate 8, figs. 1-6; Nordic blend, ill., Plate 34, figs.
- •61; Associated with large head size, 265, 266. See also Cephalic index, Cranial measurements.
- •Ill., Plate 36, fig. 1. See also Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland.
- •Ill., Plate 30, fig. 2.
- •85; Von Eickstedt’s, 286-88; Gzek- anowski’s system, 288-89; author’s, 289-96; schematic representation, 290, chart; geographic, 294- 95, map.
- •396; Cornishmen in France, 512, 514.
Chapter
VI
THE
IRON AGE
In
the preceding chapters, we have found it necessary to use
archaeology as a system of landmarks by which to chart the
movements of human groups and their relationships with one another;
this study of race in terms of culture was essential. Ideas are
originated, diffused, and conserved by people, and people
interbreed. A complete and sudden replacement of one culture by
another implies a drastic change of personnel, while a gradual
merging of a new culture with an old one must equally imply the
survival, at least in part, of the older population. By following
these rules we have seen that racial and cultural movements are
truly connected, and in no instance in which the skeletal record is
adequate could any contradiction be seen.
The
subject of this book, however, is race, not culture; although
culture in the archaeological sense has been a valuable guide. But
once we arrive at the period of history it is no longer necessary to
deal exclusively with pots and axes and methods of burial; we may
consider people as linguistic and political groups, with known names
and ethnic relationships. This has already been possible with the
civilized nations of preclassical antiquity, such as the
Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, and to a certain
extent with the Cretans and Hittites, whose writings have so far
furnished little or nothing in the way of documentary
information, as well as with the early ancestors of the Greeks.
The
peoples of central and northern Europe did not learn to write until
relatively recent times—in most instances well after the beginning
of the Christian era, and in some cases only within the current
millennium. But their identities are in many instances known to us
from the writings of the classical geographers and historians, and,
in the Dark Ages, from Arabic sources as well. Farther east, in
central Asia, the diligence of Chinese historians has been of great
assistance. In our study of the early part of the Iron Age,
archaeology will still be needed; but by the time of the Christian
era it will be possible, for our purposes, to dispense with it
almost completely, for in treating fully historical and living
cultures, language serves as the best-known, most easily designated,
and most convenient framework available for the creation of
units suitable for racial study.
174
Race, languages, and european peoples
THE
IRON AGE
175
Heretofore,
we have said little about language. The speech of the peoples with
whom we have dealt has been unknown to us in almost all instances.
The exceptions are few: The Egyptians, as we well know, spoke a
language of the Hamitic stock, with considerable Semitic influence.
The Babylonians and Assyrians spoke Semitic, while the Sumerian
language, although it can be read, has not yet been related with
certainty to any other known tongue or linguistic family.1
During the third millennium, therefore, Hamitic and Semitic
languages were used by civilized peoples, as was the still
unclassified Sumerian.
Besides
these known linguistic groupings found in antiquity, there was
another group or rather collection of languages spoken in the
eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. These included Lydian, and its
probable derivative Etruscan; languages of the Caucasus, some of
which still survive; a few languages of the Himalayas, such as
Burushaski;2
and a whole group in Greece and the Aegean Islands, if not farther
west, known to us almost entirely by place names. Cretan may
possibly have also belonged to this class of languages.
A
school of linguistic experts headed by the late Professor Marr, and
championed in the English-speaking world by Dr. Ephraim Speiser,3
would group all of these languages together, including a whole row
of extinct tongues stretching around the so-called 44
Fertile Crescent” from Syria to Elam. The name given this group is
“Japhetic,” coined to complete, with Hamitic and Semitic, a
Biblical trinity. The living examples of this alleged class or
family of languages, notably Georgian and Circassian, employ a
number of sounds unfamiliar to the Indo-European, Semitic, and
Hamitic families, and reminiscent of American Indian languages.
No
one denies the wide distribution and importance of these languages
in ancient times, but there is serious doubt that they may be united
into a single stock comparable to Semitic, Hamitic, Indo-European,
etc. It is more likely that this grouping includes a number of
independent families, but at present it is too early to say what
these may be; especially since most of them are extinct and will
never, in all likelihood, be resuscitated. At any rate, it is
probable that some of the seafarers of the Late Neolithic and of the
Bronze Age who migrated westward along the Mediterranean
The
supposed kinship between Sumerian and Finno-Ugrian cannot easily be
evaluated, owing largely to the gap of over three millennia
between the known forms of each. Both groups are agglutinative, but
the grammatical structure of Sumerian also has verbal
prefixes, often with personal tone, unknown in modern Finnic or
Ugric. Sumerian, like modern Finnic, Ugric, and Turkish, seems to
have vowel harmony. In vocabulary there are few similarities. On
the whole, this relationship cannot at the moment be proved or
disproved.—Personal communication from Dr. J. Dyneley Prince. See
also the Prolegomena of his Materials
for a Sumerian Lexicon.
Lorimer,
D. L., The
Burushaski Language.
Speiser,
E., Mesopotamian
Origins.
176
MAP
177
178
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
to
Italy, the Italian islands, and Spain, and thence to Britain,
France, and Scandinavia, spoke languages derived from the eastern
Mediterranean. It is furthermore possible that modern Basque
may be the only survivor of this linguistic migration; but this
suggested relationship, referred to in the preceding chapter, must
by no means be accepted as a certainty.
We
do not know the languages of the Early Neolithic swineherds who
introduced a food-producing economy to Spain and western Europe,
including the lake shores of Switzerland, and we are not likely
to find out. We do not, furthermore, know what medium the Danubians
who performed the same pioneering function in another quarter
used. The speech of the Corded people is equally unknown, and the
old*idioms of the Palaeolithic survivors in the far north, of the
midden dwellers of Denmark, and of the Azilian survivors in
Switzerland, are far past reconstruction. In Europe we must start as
late as the Iron Age in our attempt to allocate languages to
cultural or racial groups.
Today
the members of the white race speak languages of the following
linguistic stocks: Semitic, Hamitic, Indo-European, Ural-Altaic,4
Euska- rian (Basque), and various languages of the Caucasus and
Himalayas, which it would be futile to attempt to classify here. At
present the two most important are Indo-European and Ural-Altaic.
Yet in antiquity, while civilization of the first water was in the
hands of Hamites, Semites, and Sumerians, all Indo-European and
probably most Ural-Altaic speakers, if they existed as such,
were illiterate barbarians.
Indo-European
languages are spoken by more white people today than are all of the
others put together, several times over. People speaking
Indo-European languages have monopolized the cultural advances of
modern science; but it must not be forgotten that, as late as the
Middle Ages, Semites, Turks, and Chinese were more advanced than the
majority of Indo-European speakers. The linguists tell us that the
Indo-European speakers did not initially domesticate one useful
animal, or one cultivated plant.
Linguistically,
Indo-European is probably a relatively recent phenomenon, which
arose after animals had been tamed and plants cultivated. The latest
researches find it to be a derivative of an initially mixed
language, whose principal elements were Uralic, called element
A, and some undesignated element B which was probably one of the
eastern Mediterranean or Caucasic languages.5
The plants and animals on which the
»
4
Concerning the question of Ural-Altaic unity, see Chapter VII, p.
223.
Uhlenbeck
(AA ’37) refuses to identify element B, or to call it
specifically Caucasic. Nehring, however (Nehring, A., WBKL, vol. 4,
1936, pp. 7-229), feels certain that B is one of the group of which
Caucasic may form a part.
THE
IRON AGE
179
economy
of the early Indo-European speakers was based were referred to in
words derived mainly from element B. Copper and gold were known, and
the words for these commodities come from Mesopotamia.
Somewhere
in the plains of southern Russia or central Asia, the blending
of languages took place which resulted in Indo-European speech. This
product in turn spread and split, and was further differentiated by
mixture with the languages of peoples upon whom it, in one form or
other, was imposed. Some of the present Indo-European languages, in
addition to these later accretions from non-Indo-European tongues,
contain more of the A element than others, which contain more of the
B. The unity of the original “Indo-Europeans,55
could not have been of long duration, if it was ever complete.
They
split, perhaps very early, into two groups, designated by the
treatment of the palatal explosives of the K
group. Among one branch, the so-called Satem, this was changed to
spirants (S);
the other, called Centum, preserved the original form of this
sound, which also prevailed in the A or Finno-Ugric element. Centum
speech became divided into a number of branches, of which surviving
members are Keltic, Germanic, Italic, and Hellenic; Satem includes
Slavic and Baltic, Armenian, Indie and Iranian, and probably
Thracian,6
in the sense of a contributing factor in modern Albanian. Others,
such as Ligurian, Illyrian,7
and Tokharian B (all Centum), have long been extinct.
On
the whole, the Indo-European languages have been spoken by people
who combined agriculture with animal husbandry, who were organized
into a patrilineal society with at least the germs of a differential
class system, and who worshipped an Olympian pantheon of Gods. The
initial formation of the Indo-European linguistic stock by blending
does not antedate the age of metal; the common culture of the
earliest Indo- European speakers, insofar as it existed as a unit,
had much in common with those of both the peoples of the Aegean and
Asia Minor on the one hand, and of central Asia on the other. The
mythology of the Altaian Turks, for example, is so nearly identical
with that of the early Scandinavians that some close
association in the not far distant past is necessary.8
Furthermore, the ritual of the horse sacrifice 9
is so integral a part of the religion of both Indo-European and
Altaic-speaking peoples that recent diffusion alone cannot explain
the identity.
Indo-European
languages as we know them must have come from easternmost
Europe or western central Asia at no very remote time. Their
Lowman,
G. S., Language, vol. 8, 1932, p. 271.
This
may also be a factor in modern Albanian.
Chadwick,
Nora K., JRAI, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 75-112.
Koppers,
W., Anthropos, vol. 24, 1929, pp. 1073-1089; WBKL, vol. 4, 1936,
pp. 279-411.
180
THE
RACES OF EUROPE
spread
over most of Europe, and subsequently over the western hemisphere,
Australia, and large segments of Asia in which they were originally
not at home, is part of a general movement of expansion in which
both race and culture have played their r61es. Yet we cannot with
complete assurance associate any one culture earlier than the
Iron Age with any specific form of Indo-European speech. Although
Homer’s heroes fought with bronze weapons, we are not sure exactly
when and by what agency the pre-Dorian Greek dialects arrived in the
racially and culturally composite Hellenic world; nor do we know
exactly who brought Nasili speech to Asia Minor.
One
whole school of European archaeologists and linguists associates the
Corded people with the diffusion of Indo-European speech.10
Nehring, in a recent work of great detail and authority, would make
the Danubians the original Indo-Europeans.11
He would explain the Altaic cultural similarities by dividing the
Indo-European culture and vocabulary into two elements: (1) an early
horizon in which the ox was the most important domestic animal
economically, and agriculture of primary importance; (2) a later
horizon of indirect Altaic inspiration, in which the horse was
supreme and agriculture secondary.
At
the moment the evidence is growing that certain forms of Indo-
European speech were very ancient in more than one part of the
Mediterranean basin. Whatmough has definitely identified
Ligurian as Indo- European,12
and Ligurian was very old in Italy and in the Rh6ne Valley. Sapir
sees in Philistine a form of Indo-European;13
and would make the ark of the covenant a spirit-placing on wheels
like the portable wicker shrines of the later Mongols. But neither
of these identifications need carry us back earlier in history than
the time of the troubles in Mesopotamia at the end of the third
millennium, when northerners caused restless nights to the
Babylonian kings, and the Hyksos invaded Egypt. It was after these
disturbances that the chariot first appeared in Libya; hence, the
first southward burst of horse-nomads may have affected both shores
of the Mediterranean, whatever languages they brought with them.
The
dates of the earliest certain appearances of Indo-European are about
1900 B.C.,
when
the Nasili dialect which was incorporated into Hittite entered Asia
Minor. The earliest Greek probably entered Hellas at the s^me time.
About 1400 B.C., the ancestors of the Aryans of India were crossing
the passes of Afghanistan into the Indus Valley, and some six
hundred years later, their relatives the Iranian ancestors were
founding
That
headed by Kossinna, who would likewise derive Indo-European speech
from the Baltic. See Kossinna, G., Vrsprung
und Verbreitung der Germanen.
h
Nehring, A., WBKL, vol. 4, 1936.
12
Whatmough, J., The
Foundations of Roman Italy.
»
Sapir, E., JAOS, vol. 56, 1935, #2, pp. 272-281.
THE
IRON AGE
18!
the
Persian empire. From roughly 1000-900 B.C. onward, as the earliest
possible date, the bearers of the Hallstatt culture in central
Europe were spreading the use of iron, and the Hallstatt people
almost certainly spoke Illyrian. In Italy, the Villanova people were
without reasonable doubt diffusing Italic speech in the peninsula,
while some forms of Illyrian were introduced by a number of peoples,
among whom were probably the Veneti.
All
of these Indo-European speakers, from 900 b.c.
onward,
were associated in some way with the diffusion of iron
metallurgy from a center which is still to be determined. The most
commonly proposed location is northern Anatolia and the Caucasus;14
whatever the history of the diffusion of Indo-European speech in the
past, with the advent of iron, certain branches of it seem to have
spread with great rapidity. The Hallstatt period in central Europe
was followed by that of La T&ne, the Late Iron Age, which lasted
from 500 b.c.
to
the time of Christ; and this was the period of Keltic expansion and
Keltic dominance, earlier than but parallel to the spread of Roman
power and of Latin in the Mediterranean. After the phenomenal
and immoderate scattering of the Kelts, who were destined to survive
linguistically only on the western European fringe, far from their
center of dispersion—the Germanic peoples began, in the days of
the Roman empire, their swelling and pushing, from Denmark,
southern Sweden, northern Germany, Holland, and the Norwegian coast.
This reached every country in Europe and also North Africa. Unlike
the spread of the Kelts, it was to achieve, in many quarters,
linguistic and cultural permanence.
The
expansion of the Germans was followed by that of the Slavs, the
youngest of the Indo-Europeans to effervesce in an orgy of numerical
increase and of migration. This took place in full historic time, in
the seventh and eighth centuries of our era, but, unfortunately, the
light of history was dim in the part of Europe in which most of
their expansion occurred.
The
foregoing digression into the field of comparative linguistics has a
direct bearing upon the problem of the racial complexion of present
day Europe. While it is not our primary purpose to discover the
physical type or types of the undivided Indo-European ancestors, if
they were ever actually undivided, it will be possible to find the
common racial denominator, homogeneous or mixed, of the Iron
Age spreaders of Indo- European speech and the accompanying cultures
over Europe and parts of Asia. Once we have isolated the common
factor, we may hope to locate its position in the roster of racial
types previously known to us—for it must have been some type or
types with which we have already become
M
Wainwright, G., Antiquity, vol. 10, 1936, pp. 5-24.