THE RACES OF EUROPE

2. CURLT OR WAVY HAIR

Reddish-brown, narrow nose, tall stature, dolichocephalic.

1. Dark Skin

Chocolate-brown, broad nose, medium stature, dolichocephalic.

Brownish-black, broad or narrow nose, short stature, dolicho­cephalic.

2. Skin of tawny white, nose narrow,

hooked, with thick top, brachycephalic.

Ethiopian

Australian

Dravidian (sub-races Platyrrhine and Lep­torrhine)

Assyrioid

a WAVY BROWN OR BLACK HAIR, DARK EYES

1. Skin clear brown, black hair, narrow, straight or convex nose, tall stature, dolichocephalic.

Aquiline nose, promi­nent occiput, dolicho­cephalic, elliptical form of face.

2. Skin Tawny White, Black

Hair

2. Skin Dull White, Brown Hair

Tall

stature,

elongated

face

Straight, coarse nose, dolichocephalic, square face.

Straight, fine nose, mesocephalic, oval face.

I ndo-Afghan

Arab or Semite

Berber (4 sub-races)

10

11

Littoral

European

(Atlanto-

Mediterranean) 12

Short stature, dolichocephalic

Short stature, strongly brachy­cephalic, round face.

Tall stature, brachycephalic, elongated face.

Ibero-Insular

Western

European

Adriatic

(Dinaric)

D. FAIR, WAVY, OR STRAIGHT HAIR, LIGHT EYES

Somewhat wavy, reddish, tall I nt a'

stature, dolichocephalic. j ^{or 1C}

Skin Reddish White,

Hair Flaxen

Somewhat straight, flaxen haired, short stature, sub-brachycephalic.

Eastern European (R. Orientale)

E. STRAIGHT OR WAVY HAIR, DARK, BLACK EYES

Skin Light Brown, very hairy body, broad and concave nose, dolichocephalic.

13

14

15

16

17

18

283

of the basic sub-varieties of the Mediterranean family, and except for the categories Arab and Berber, this distinction is on the whole accurate. He was aware of the differences between the three most important sur­viving divisions; (a) Short Mediterranean, (b) Tall, Megalithic, and East African variety, and (c) Hook-nosed, Indo-Afghan or Irano-Afghan variety.

At the same time, he was aware of the distinction between the Alpines and Dinarics, both in form and in geographical distribution. In his placing of the blonds into a separate category, he was following a taxo­nomic system rather than an estimate of relationships. His Nordics are accurately defined on the basis of living peoples; they are given a cephalic index of 77 to 79, instead of a non-existent lower mean; and they are segregated from the blond brachycephals of central and eastern Europe.

In order to accommodate other racial elements not fully covered by these classes, Deniker devised certain sub-races: (1) The Northwestern sub-race, a division of the Atlanto-Mediterranean, to accommodate es­pecially the dark-haired western Irish. (2) A Sub-Nordic, which differs from the Nordic in the possession of mesocephaly, a square face, and a turned-up nose; this was devised to accommodate peoples living to the east of the Baltic and in northern Germany. (3) The Vistulan race is a branch of the eastern European or Oriental. The Oriental is described as short statured (163-164 cm.); moderately brachycephalic (C.I. = 82-83); and possessing light yellow or flaxen hair, a square cut face, a nose which is frequently turned up, and blue or gray eyes. This race is associated with the eastern Slavs and Finns for the most part, while the Vistulan is a variety of the same race with shorter stature and mesocephaly. The last of Deniker’s secondary races is the Sub-Adriatic, described as a slightly shorter, slightly less brachycephalic and blonder variety of Dinaric, with a stature of 166 cm., a C. I. of 82-85; and derived from a blend of Dinaric with Sub-Nordic.

Two other authorities of what might.be called the prestatistical school deserve mention at this point—Sergi and Ripley. Sergi,³⁹ whose main interest was the Mediterranean race, based his classification primarily upon the circumferential profile of the head when seen from above, and worked more with crania than with the living. His chief contribution was the realization of the basic unity of the Mediterranean race, in both its blond and brunet forms, and its connection with the bearers of Euro­pean civilization. Thus he anticipated the findings of the archaeologists that the Neolithic economy was brought into the western world by Med­iterraneans.

He also made it clear that the so-called Brown Race, in its dolicho­cephalic and leptorrhine or mesorrhine forms, was for the most part an

⁸⁰ Sergi, G., Specie e mrteta umane; UUomo; Le Origini Umane; The Mediterranean Race.

THE RACES OF EUROPE

extension of the same Mediterranean family into southern Asia. He divided whites into Eurafricans, which is another word for basic Mediterraneans, and Eurasiatics, under which he included all brachycephals of white affin­ity. Sergi anticipated the discovery not only of the unity and cultural im­portance of the Mediterraneans, but also the dual origin of the white race.

If the schoolchildren and the unerudite public at large still follow Blumenbach, and the anthropologists themselves devise classificatory schemes based upon Deniker, the large intermediate group of educated laymen rely almost entirely upon Ripley.⁴⁰ Ripley, writing in 1899, was aware of Deniker’s work, but rejected it. He considered that Deniker had made the picture much too complicated, and that there were but three white races, the Teutonic (Nordic), the Alpine, and the Mediter­ranean. The Nordic and Mediterranean were old European branches of an earlier white stock, while the Alpines were immigrants from Asia who had brought agriculture and the whole Neolithic economy with them. The Alpines, besides introducing a new physical type, parted the Nordics from the Mediterraneans geographically, so that the two might develop separately, and that the Nordics in particular might derive their tall stature and blondism from environmental causes in isolation.

The above brief exposition has many advantages. It is simple, it is lucid, it is easily remembered. It fitted into the linguistic picture of Aryan culture bearers plodding across Europe from their simple home in the Hindu-Kush, developed by nineteenth century philologists, although Ripley himself was vehement in his rejection of linguistics as a proper approach to racial study. At the same time it explained the newly-found and well-preserved Neolithic remains of the Swiss lake dwellings.

With such a simple scheme, it was easy for Ripley’s followers to tack psychological characters to the three-fold framework, and the “Nordic with a genius for leadership and government,” “the stolid, unimaginative, plodding but virtuous Alpine,” and the “gay, artistic, and sexy Mediter­ranean” soon followed. Hilaire Belloc’s famous verses, published orig­inally in the New Statesman,, satirize this attitude perfectly.

“Behold, my child, the Nordic man,

And'be as like him as you can:

His legs are long—his mind is slow His hair is lank and made of tow.

“And here we have the Alpine race.

Oh! what a broad and brutal face.

His skin is of a dirty yellow He is a most unpleasant fellow.

⁴⁰ Ripley, W. Z., The Races of Europe.